Mausoleum

A mausoleum is a monumental tomb in the form of a building. The term derives from Maussol-eion, the tomb of Maussolos in Halicarnassus (now Bodrum), dedicated to the governor of Caria on the west coast of present-day Turkey between 377 and 353 BC, which is one of the ancient seven wonders of the world.

The word mausoleum has been used in German-language literature since the 16th century. In classicism, this type of tomb from antiquity was reactivated, albeit in a smaller form. They are often two-story small architectures, consisting of a devotional room and a crypt below, whereby crypt and chapel can be united above ground in one room. Functionally, these modern mausoleums form a hybrid of building and monument and fulfill within the sepulchral culture the aspects of commemoration of the dead, representation and appeal to posterity.

Known mausoleums

Afghanistan

• Chirqa Sharīfa (Persian خرقه شريفه, DMG ḫirqa šarīfa "penitent shirt of the noble") in Kandahar. It contains a cloak attributed to Muhammad.
• Ali Mausoleum in Mazar-e Sharif, one of Ali's presumed burial sites.

Egypt

In Cairo, the shrines date from the Fatimid period, mostly simple rectangular structures with a dome. Some of the mausoleums at Aswan were more complex and had side rooms. However, most are destroyed or completely rebuilt

• Mashad al-Juyushi, (also: Mashad Badr al-Jamali, الجامع الجيوشى) is an exception. The mosque has a prayer hall with cross vaults and a dome perched on trumpets above the mihrab.
• Mashads of Sayyida Ruqayya, in Cairo, Fustāt Cemetery.
• Mashads of Yayha al-Shabib, Fustat Cemetery.
• Aga Khan III Mausoleum in Aswan
• Abu Al Hassan El-Shazly Mausoleum in Sheikh Shazly (الشيخ الشاذلى) (also: Ḥumaythirah, حميثرة).

Bangladesh

• Shrine of Bayazid Bostami in Chittagong
• Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal in Sylhet

China

• Mausoleum of the first emperor of China, Qin Shihuangdi, in Xi'an with his terracotta army (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Mausoleum of Mao Zedong in Beijing
• Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing

Taiwan

• Mausoleum of Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo in Daxi, Taoyuan
• National Chiang Kai Shek Memorial Hall in Taipei

India

• Humayun Mausoleum in Delhi (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Akbar Mausoleum in Sikandra
• Itimad-ud-Daula Mausoleum in Agra
• Taj Mahal (UNESCO World Heritage Site) in Agra
• Bibi-Ka-Maqbara in Aurangabad
• Safdarjung Mausoleum in Delhi
• Gol Gumbaz, mausoleum of Sultan Mohammed Adil Shah, in Bijapur (Vijayapura)
• Dargah Nizamuddin, tomb of the founder of the Chisti Nizami order in Delhi
• Laila Majnu Ki Mazar, near Anupgarh, Rajasthan. Local legends say that Laila and Majnun died there.
• Mausoleum of Fakhruddin Shaheed in Galiakot, Rajasthan.

Indonesia

• Imogiri in Java, Mausoleum of the Sultans of Mataram, Yogyakarta and Surakarta.

Iraq

• Imam Husain Shrine in Karbala.
• Sardāb of Caliph al-Mahdi (≈ 775-785) in Samarra. The golden dome was donated by Nāser ad-Din Shāh and completed by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah in 1905. The actual tomb is located in Al-Askari Mosque and is one of the most important shrines of the Shia. The mosque was severely damaged in February 2006.

Iran

• Mausoleum of Fariduddin Attar in Nizhapur
• Mausoleum for King Kabus in Golestan Province
• Charaghan Twin Tomb Towers, in Qazvin Province
• Tomb of the poets, in Tabriz province
• Imam Reza Shrine, in Mashhad, Razavi-Chorasan attracts 11 million worshippers every year
• Shrine of Princess Shahrbanu, south of Tehran, is open exclusively to women. Shahrbanu was the daughter of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid ruler. She married Imam al-Husain ibn ʿAlī and is the mother of the fourth Imam, Ali ibn al-Husayn.
• Mausoleum for Avicenna in Hamadan

Kyrgyzstan

• Manas Ordo Mausoleum of Manas in Talas

Korea

• Kim Il Sung Mausoleum in the rebuilt Kumsusan Palace in Pyongyang

Mongolia

• Mausoleum of Damdin Sushbaatar and Chorloogiin Choibalsan in Ulaanbaatar, in 2005 both bodies were exhumed, cremated and buried in Altan-Ölgii.

Pakistan

• Mazar-E-Quaid for the founder of the state Mohammed Ali Jinnah in Karachi/Pakistan
• Shrine of Abdol-Ghazi Sahab in Karachi, a relative of Dschaʿfar as-Sādiq, the sixth imam. He had fled to Sindh from the Abbasids in Baghdad. One of the few shrines venerated by Shias and Sunnis at the same time.
• Jahangir Mausoleum near Lahore / Pakistan
• Bibi Pak Daman, the shrine is considered the burial place of six ladies from the Prophet's household. The Sufi master Hudschwīrī meditated there for some time.
• Data Darbar (shrine of Data Ganj Baksh), at Bhati Gate, in Lahore.
• Mazar of Sultan Bahu (سُلطان باہُو), the founder of the Sarwari Qadri Order in Garh Maharaja, in Lahore.

Syria

• Shrine of Zainab bint Ali, the shrine of Zainab bint Ali in Damascus. In September 2008, a car bomb exploded in front of the mosque, killing 17 people.

• Mashhad al-Husayn (Mashhad Al-Nuqtah), Aleppo, from the Ayyubid period, is the most important medieval building in Syria. The Shrine of the Blood of al-Husain ibn ʿAlī was built on a site instructed to a shepherd by a saint when he appeared to him in a dream. The current building is a reconstruction: the original building was severely damaged by an explosion in 1918 and lay in ruins for forty years.

Turkey

• Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (tomb of the governor Maussolos of Caria) in Bodrum/Turkey, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
• Mevlânâ Mausoleum of Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi in Konya
• Anıtkabir - Atatürk's Tomb in Ankara

Turkistan

• Mausoleum of Khodja Ahmed Yesevi in Turkistan/Kazakhstan (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

Uzbekistan

• Timur Lenk Mausoleum "Gur-e Amir" in Samarkand

• Mausoleum of Sheihantaur in Tashkent

Vietnam

• Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi at Ba Dinh Square.

America

• Che Guevara Mausoleum in Santa Clara / Cuba
• Bob Marley Mausoleum in Nine Miles / Jamaica
• "Grant's Tomb" in New York City / USA (largest mausoleum in North America)
• Chullpas, burial towers from the Inca period and before in South America

Africa

In Africa, the tombs of the pharaohs in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor, but above all the pyramids of Giza, which are counted among the seven wonders of the ancient world and are also among the oldest mausoleums in the world, should be mentioned. Other pyramid tombs can be found at Meroe in Nubia.

• Mausoleum of the Pharaoh Cheops
• Mausoleum of the Pharaoh Khafre
• Mausoleum of the Pharaoh Mykerinos
• Mausoleum of King Djoser
• Mausoleum of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun

Maghreb

• Mausoleum of President Habib Bourguiba in Monastir
• Mausoleum of King Mohammed V in Rabat

Europe

Bulgaria

• Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum in Sofia. After 1990 Georgy Dimitrov was buried in the Sofia Central Cemetery. The mausoleum was blown up in 1999.

Germany

• Mausoleum of the Wettins at the hereditary burial place on the grounds of Altzella Monastery
• Princely crypt chapel in Anholt
• Mausoleum of the East Frisian noble family Cirksena in Aurich, East Frisia
• Stourdza Chapel - Romanian Orthodox burial chapel in Baden-Baden
• Mausoleum in Charlottenburg Palace Park in Berlin, built for Queen Luise
• Arnim burial place in the park of Boitzenburg Castle
• Mausoleum of the Mertés family in Bad Breisig
• Mausoleum in the Bückeburg Palace Park of the Princes of Schaumburg-Lippe
• Pyramid-shaped mausoleum of Wilhelm (Schaumburg-Lippe) near Baum Castle near Bückeburg
• Ducal mausoleum in Coburg
• Old mausoleum in the park Rosenhöhe in Darmstadt
• New mausoleum in Rosenhöhe Park in Darmstadt
• Tomb of Herff in the park Rosenhöhe in Darmstadt
• Pyramid-shaped mausoleum of Ernst zu Münster near Derneburg Castle
• Mausoleum of the Dukes of Anhalt in Dessau
• Mausoleum at Büchenberg for the House of Lippe in Detmold
• Mausoleum of the Princes zu Wied-Runkel in Dierdorf, Westerwald
• Mausoleum of Karl August Lingner, inventor of Odol mouthwash on the grounds of the Lingnerschloss (actually Villa Stockhausen) in Dresden, Saxony
• Peill family crypt in Düren
• Grave pyramid in the landscape park Hämelschenburg Castle in Emmerthal
• Stollwerck Mausoleum in Feldkirchen-Westerham, Upper Bavaria
• Mausoleums at the main cemetery in Frankfurt am Main
• Bismarck Mausoleum in Friedrichsruh
• Kanitz-Kyaw crypt in Hainewalde
• Guelph Mausoleum in the Berggarten of Hanover
• Burial Chapel of the Grand Ducal Baden Family in the Pheasant Garden in Karlsruhe
• Mausoleum of the Selve family in Lüdenscheid
• Helen Paulownen Mausoleum in Ludwigslust Palace Park
• Louisen Mausoleum in Ludwigslust Palace Park
• Mausoleum of Emil von Behring in Marburg-Marbach
• Ducal crypt chapel in the English Garden of Meiningen
• Asseburg's hereditary burial ground in Meisdorf
• Mausoleum Tenge in Oerlinghausen
• Mausoleum of the Grand Dukes of Oldenburg in Oldenburg
• Mausoleum of Carstanjen in Plittersdorf
• Emperor Friedrich Mausoleum in Potsdam
• Goetz's Mausoleum in Quedlinburg
• Mausoleum of the Princes of Bentheim-Tecklenburg in Rheda-Wiedenbrück
• Opel Mausoleum in Rüsselsheim
• Princely burial chapel of the House of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen in Sondershausen
• Mausoleum of the Princes of Schaumburg-Lippe in Stadthagen
• The burial chapel on the Württemberg in Stuttgart-Rotenberg, the mausoleum for Queen Catherine Pavlovna
• Crypt chapel of the barons of Gemmingen in Treschklingen
• Mausoleum of the Dannenfeldt family at the cemetery of Mönchow in Usedom
• Burial chapel of St. Benedict of the von Boeselager family in Voßwinkel
• Mausoleum Hermann Weil in Waibstadt
• Mausoleum of the Princes of Reuss of the Older Line in Waldhaus near Greiz
• Mausoleum Knoop in Walle
• Crypt of the Princes in the Historical Cemetery in Weimar

France

• Mausolée du Maréchal de Saxe in St. Thomas, Strasbourg, built for Hermann Moritz of Saxony

Greece

• Heinrich Schliemann Mausoleum at the First Athens Cemetery

Italy

Ancient mausoleums

• Cestius pyramid in Rome
• Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome
• Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome
• Tomb of Caecilia Metella on the Via Appia in Rome

Early Christian mausoleums

• Helena Mausoleum in Rome
• Santa Costanza in Rome (Mausoleum of Constantina)
• Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna
• Mausoleum of Theoderic in Ravenna

Croatia

• The mausoleum of Ivan Meštrović (in which he and his family members were buried) in the village of Otavice near Drniš (Dalmatia).
• Mausoleum of Emperor Diocletian in Split. (Inside the palace walls of Diocletian's palace).

Netherlands

• Mausoleum of the German Emperor Wilhelm II in the park of Haus Doorn

Austria

• Mausoleum of Ruprecht von Eggenberg in Ehrenhausen, Styria
• Mausoleum of Emperor Ferdinand II in Graz
• Mausoleum of the Goldburg in Murstetten, Lower Austria

Poland

• Mausoleum of the family of Prince Anton Radziwill in the castle park of Antonin (Adelnau district) near Pozna?
• Mausoleum of the von Hoym family in Dyhernfurth in Silesia
• Mausoleum of Counts Yorck von Wartenburg in the castle park of Klein Oels in Lower Silesia
• Blücher Mausoleum in Krieblowitz in Silesia
• Burial chapel of the noble family Henckel von Donnersmarck near Neudeck Castle in Upper Silesia
• Pyramid in Rapa in Masuria

Russia

• Lenin Mausoleum in Moscow / Russia at Red Square

Serbia

• The House of Flowers, today part of the Museum of the History of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, tomb of Josip Broz (Tito)

Spain

• Mausoleum L. Aemilius Lupus in Fabara, province of Saragossa, Aragon
• Mausoleum of the Attilier in Sádaba, province of Zaragoza, Aragon

Czech Republic

• Klement-Gottwald mausoleum on Prague's Vitus Hill (mummy was removed in 1962 due to decay).

United Kingdom

• Mausoleum in the Scottish town of Penicuik

Lenin Mausoleum on Red Square


Mausoleum at the old Jewish cemetery, Austria


Schliemann Mausoleum in Athens


Mausoleum for the entrepreneur and patron Emil Possehl at the Burgtorf cemetery in Lübeck


Mausoleum Bückeburg in the castle park


Imogiri Mausoleum complex of the sultans of Java, Indonesia


Mausoleum of Sheihantaur in Tashkent, Uzbekistan


Mashhad al-Husayn in Aleppo.


Mausoleum of Count Yorck von Wartenburg in the park of the castle of Klein Oels


Mausoleum of the Grand Dukes of Oldenburg in Oldenburg


Mausoleum of the Goldburg in Murstetten


Mausoleum in Dierdorf


The burial culture of the ancient Egyptians was carried out with a relatively large effort


The burial chapel on the Württemberg in Stuttgart-Rotenberg


Taj Mahal


Mausoleum of Fariduddin Attar in Nizhapur

See also

• List of burial places of famous personalities
• Door be
• Necropolis