Earth science

Articles about geology, climate, oceans and the planet.

Articles in this category: 823 Updated: April 29, 2026 Page 11 / 18

Neogene

Neoproterozoic

Nevado del Ruiz

Nevado del Ruiz — snow‑capped volcano in Colombia and the Armero disaster

Nevado Tres Cruces

New Red Sandstone

Nintoku Seamount

Nitrogen narcosis

Nor'easter

North American plate

Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System

Nuclear winter

Nuclear winter: causes, effects, history, and uncertainties

Numerical weather prediction

Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt

Nyamuragira

Nyamuragira: Shield Volcano and One of Africa's Most Active Volcanoes

Oblate spheroid

Obsidian

Occluded front

Ocean

Ocean acidification

Ocean current

Ocean gyre

Ocean surface wave

Oceanic climate

Oceanic climate (maritime climate)

Oceanic crust

Oceanic trench

Oceanography

Oceanography: The Science of the Seas and Marine Environment

Oil field

Oil sands

Oil sands (tar sands): composition, extraction, impacts, and global significance

Ōjin Seamount

Ōjin Seamount: Extinct Guyot in the Hawaiian–Emperor Seamount Chain

Ojos del Salado

Ojos del Salado: Highest Active Volcano and Second-Highest Peak in the Americas

Ol Doinyo Lengai

Ol Doinyo Lengai: Tanzania’s unique carbonatite volcano

Old Earth creationism

Old Faithful Geyser

Old Red Sandstone

Oldest dated rocks

Oldest dated rocks and minerals on Earth and the Moon

Oligocene

Oligocene epoch

Olivine

Onyx

Onyx: banded chalcedony used as gemstone and ornamental stone

Ooid

Ooid: small concentrically layered carbonate grain

Opal

Ophiolite

Ophiolite: exposed sections of oceanic crust and upper mantle

Orbital forcing

Orbiting Carbon Observatory

Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)

Ore

Ore

Orogeny

Orosirian

Orosirian Period (Palaeoproterozoic): 2.05–1.80 billion years ago

Orpiment

Outflow (meteorology)