Earth science

Articles about geology, climate, oceans and the planet.

Articles in this category: 823 Updated: April 29, 2026 Page 2 / 18

Basalt

Basement (geology)

Basement (geology): crystalline and metamorphic rocks beneath sedimentary cover

Bathymetry

Beach erosion

Bed (geology)

Bed (geology): the smallest stratigraphic rock unit and its significance

Bedrock

Bentonite

Biosphere

Biosphere

Black smoker

Blake River Megacaldera Complex

Blue Lias

Bornhardt

Bornhardt: dome-shaped inselbergs and their geology

Boulder

Boulder (large rock) — definition, formation, uses and distinctions

Breccia

Breccia: composition, formation, types, and uses

Burgess Shale

Burgess Shale: a Middle Cambrian fossil lagerstätte in the Canadian Rockies

Ca-Al-rich inclusions

Calcium–Aluminum‑rich inclusions (CAIs)

Cainozoic

Calcite

Calcite: common calcium carbonate mineral and its properties

Caldera

Caldera (volcanic collapse formation)

Caledonian orogeny

California Current

California Current: Cold Eastern Boundary Current of the Northeast Pacific

Calymmian

Cambrian

Cambrian period — early Palaeozoic interval of rapid animal diversification

Canadian Hurricane Centre

Canadian Hurricane Centre — role, operations and notable storms

Canadian Shield

Canadian Shield (Laurentian Plateau)

Canary Current

Carbon cycle

Carbon cycle: movement of carbon through Earth's systems

Carbon sequestration

Carbon sequestration: methods, storage, and role in climate mitigation

Carboniferous

Carboniferous Period

Cascade Volcanic Arc

Cascade Volcanic Arc

A chain of volcanic centers in the Pacific Northwest stretching from British Columbia to northern California, formed by subduction and including many prominent stratovolcanoes and

Cassiterite

Cassiterite — the primary tin oxide mineral (SnO2)

Catastrophism

Cave diving

Cave diving: exploration, risks, and scientific value

Ceiling balloon

Ceiling balloon (pilot balloon) — measuring cloud base by ascent timing

Cementation

Central Atlantic magmatic province

Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: origin, characteristics, and significance

Central Pacific Hurricane Center

Cerro Bonete (Bolivia)

Cerro Bonete (Bolivia) — high volcanic peak in Sur Lípez

Chalk

Chalk: sedimentary rock and common chalk materials

Chert

Chert — a hard silica rock (flint, jasper, agate)

Chevron (geology)

Chicxulub crater

Chilcotin Group

Chilcotin Group: basaltic plateau volcanism of British Columbia

Chinese scholar's rocks

Chinese scholars' rocks: history, qualities, and cultural significance

Chinook

Chinook: the warm, snow‑melting mountain wind of the Rockies

Chogolisa

Christmas 1994 nor'easter

Chron