Nature

Hurricane Inez (1966) — late-season Caribbean and Gulf hurricane Hurricane Inez Hurricane Inez was a powerful late‑season 1966 hurricane that struck the Caribbean and Mexico, causing widespread damage and over 1,000 deaths; its name was retired the following y…

Hurricane Irene (1999): formation, impacts, and aftermath Hurricane Irene (1999) October 1999 Atlantic hurricane formed in the western Caribbean; produced heavy rain and flooding across Florida, North Carolina and Virginia, causing 18 deaths and about $800 mill…

Hurricane Irene (2005) A long-lived Cape Verde hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic season. Irene reached Category 2 strength but remained over open water; its primary effects were marine hazards and rip curre…

Hurricane Ivan (2004) Hurricane Ivan Powerful Cape Verde hurricane of 2004 that reached Category 5, caused widespread damage across the Caribbean and United States, and produced significant rainfall, storm surge, and…

Hurricane Janet (September 1955) — Category 5 Atlantic hurricane Hurricane Janet Hurricane Janet was a powerful Category 5 storm in September 1955 that devastated parts of the Caribbean and the Yucatán Peninsula; it caused hundreds of deaths and led to the reti…

Hurricane Joaquin (2015) — overview, impacts, and notable facts Hurricane Joaquin Hurricane Joaquin was a major 2015 Atlantic hurricane that struck the Bahamas, threatened Bermuda and the U.S. East Coast, and caused the loss of the cargo ship El Faro. Its name w…

Hurricane John (1994): the longest-lived tropical cyclone on record Hurricane John (1994) Hurricane John (1994) was a record-setting Pacific storm that persisted for about 31 days, crossing multiple ocean basins and the International Date Line while fluctuating between…

Hurricane Kate (1985) Late‑season Atlantic hurricane in November 1985 that struck northern Cuba and the Florida Panhandle near Mexico Beach, causing over a dozen deaths and about $700 million in damage…

Hurricane Katrina: 2005 Atlantic storm, impact, and legacy Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina was a major 2005 Atlantic hurricane whose landfall and resulting levee failures caused catastrophic flooding, widespread destruction along the Gulf Coast, and lon…

Hurricane Kenna (2002) — powerful eastern Pacific hurricane that struck Mexico Hurricane Kenna Hurricane Kenna rapidly intensified in October 2002, reaching Category 5 then making landfall near Puerto Vallarta as a major hurricane, causing fatalities, coastal damage, and pro…

Hurricane Lorenzo (2007) A late-September 2007 Atlantic hurricane that developed in the Bay of Campeche, became the twelfth named storm of the season and made landfall in central Mexico as a Category 1 hur…

Hurricane Luis (1995) Hurricane Luis Hurricane Luis was a powerful Atlantic tropical cyclone in 1995 that caused extensive damage across the Leeward Islands and later affected parts of North Atlantic Canada and mariti…

Hurricane Manuel (2013) Hurricane Manuel A 2013 Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone that struck western Mexico from Sept 13–19, producing torrential rains, floods and landslides. About 169 people died and damage was roughly…

Hurricane Maria (2017) Hurricane Maria Powerful 2017 Atlantic hurricane that rapidly intensified to Category 5, made catastrophic landfalls in Dominica and Puerto Rico, and had its name retired due to severe loss and de…

Hurricane Marilyn (1995) Hurricane Marilyn A Category 3 Atlantic hurricane that struck the Virgin Islands in September 1995, causing widespread destruction, 13 fatalities and over $2 billion in damage; part of the active 19…

Hurricane Martha (1969) — late‑season Atlantic storm that struck Central America Hurricane Martha (1969) Hurricane Martha was a late‑season 1969 Atlantic hurricane that made landfall in Central America, produced flooding and several fatalities, and is noted as a rare Atlantic landfall…

Hurricane Michael (2018): Category 5 storm that struck the Florida Panhandle Hurricane Michael Powerful 2018 Atlantic hurricane that rapidly intensified and made catastrophic landfall near Mexico Beach, Florida, as a Category 5; it affected Cuba, parts of Central America, an…

Hurricane Nate (2017) — Atlantic storm that struck Central America and the United States Hurricane Nate Hurricane Nate was an October 2017 Atlantic hurricane that produced deadly flooding across Central America, made landfall in the U.S. Gulf Coast, moved unusually fast, and had its…

Hurricane Nate (2005) A minor Atlantic hurricane in the exceptionally active 2005 season that passed south of Bermuda, produced one fatal rip-current, and later merged into a larger mid-latitude system…

Hurricane Noel (2007): formation, impact and post‑tropical transition Hurricane Noel Overview of Hurricane Noel, a late‑October 2007 Atlantic storm that caused widespread flooding and deadly landslides in Hispaniola and later became a powerful post‑tropical low aff…

Hurricane Nora (1997) — Pacific hurricane that impacted Baja California and the U.S. Southwest Hurricane Nora (1997) Comprehensive overview of Hurricane Nora (1997): its development, track, landfalls on the Baja California Peninsula, impacts across Mexico and the U.S. Southwest, rainfall and afte…

Hurricane Otto (November 2016) Hurricane Otto Hurricane Otto was a late‑season, destructive tropical cyclone that formed in the southwest Caribbean in November 2016, struck southern Central America, and crossed into the Pacifi…

Hurricane Paloma (2008 Atlantic hurricane) Hurricane Paloma A late-season major hurricane in November 2008, Paloma was the last storm of the year and produced significant damage across the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and Jamaica with one reported…

Hurricane Patricia (2015) Hurricane Patricia Hurricane Patricia (2015) was the most intense tropical cyclone recorded in the Western Hemisphere, rapidly reaching Category 5 with 215 mph winds before impacting Mexico's Pacific…

Hurricane Pauline (1997) Hurricane Pauline Powerful October 1997 eastern Pacific Category 4 hurricane that struck southwestern Mexico, producing catastrophic flooding, landslides and hundreds of fatalities; the name was lat…

Hurricane Richard (2010): overview, impacts, and aftermath Hurricane Richard Hurricane Richard was the 17th named storm and 10th hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic season; it struck Central America in October 2010, causing significant damage in Belize (about US…

Hurricane Tomas (2010) — Eastern Caribbean storm, impacts and legacy Hurricane Tomas Hurricane Tomas was a late-2010 Atlantic hurricane that traversed the eastern Caribbean. It reached Category 2 strength, caused dozens of deaths, substantial damage, and had its na…

Hurricane Wilma (October 2005) — record Atlantic Category 5 storm Hurricane Wilma Hurricane Wilma (October 2005) was the most intense Atlantic hurricane by pressure, reaching Category 5 strength and causing extensive damage across the Yucatán Peninsula and south…

Hurricane–Typhoon Paka (1997): late‑season Pacific storm that struck Guam and the Marshalls Hurricane–Typhoon Paka Hurricane–Typhoon Paka was a powerful late‑season Pacific cyclone in 1997 that formed near Hawaii, crossed into the western Pacific, and caused major damage on the Marshall Islands…

Hymen: anatomy, variations, cultural beliefs, and medical context Hymen Overview of the hymen — its anatomy, common variations, developmental aspects, medical relevance, and widespread cultural myths about virginity and testing.

Hyoid bone Hyoid A small U-shaped bone in the anterior neck that supports the tongue and larynx and serves as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments involved in swallowing and speech.

Ichnogenus: classification of trace fossils Ichnogenus An ichnogenus is a taxonomic name applied to a type of trace fossil — footprints, burrows, feeding marks — used when the exact maker is uncertain. Part of ichnology and paleontolog…

Incertae sedis: taxonomic label for uncertain placement Incertae sedis Incertae sedis (Latin for "of uncertain position") is a taxonomic notation used when the placement of a taxon within a broader classification is unresolved or disputed.

Iridescence: structural color and angle-dependent coloration Iridescence Iridescence is colour that shifts with viewing or illumination angle because microscopic structures alter light. It appears in nature and technology, produced by interference, diff…

Jack o'Lantern mushroom (Omphalotus) — bioluminescent, toxic gilled fungi Jack o'lantern mushroom A bright orange gilled mushroom known for its glowing gills and similarity to chanterelles; poisonous if eaten and responsible for gastrointestinal illness though rarely fatal.

Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis: taxonomy, features, and ecological context Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming coccoid bacterium in the family Staphylococcaceae, known from saline or marine-associated habitats and studied for…

Gemstone (Jewel): Types, Properties, History and Uses Jewel A concise encyclopedia entry on gemstones (jewels): what they are, key physical properties, common kinds, historical sources, uses in jewelry and industry, and distinctions between…

Jigging (fishing technique) Jigging Jigging is a fishing method that uses weighted lures (jigs) moved with vertical motions to attract predatory fish. It includes several specialized styles, gear choices, and regiona…

Jinzū River: geography, history and environmental impact Jinzū River The Jinzū River flows from Gifu to Toyama Prefecture, known upstream as the Miya River. It is notable for its role in irrigation, hydroelectric use and the 20th‑century cadmium con…

Joubert syndrome Rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder marked by cerebellar malformation (molar tooth sign), developmental delays, breathing and eye movement abnormalities, and variable multi-or…

Jungle: dense tropical undergrowth and its ecology Jungle A jungle is the densely vegetated undergrowth of tropical forests. This article explains its structure, biodiversity, human interactions, threats and how it differs from broader ra…

Kegon Falls: a major waterfall in Nikkō National Park Kegon Falls Kegon Falls (Kegon no Taki) is a 97 m waterfall in Nikkō National Park, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Fed by Lake Chūzenji, it is a noted scenic and cultural landmark with established…

Knot (looped fastening and ropework) Knot A knot is a fastening formed by looping or entwining a flexible material such as rope, cord, or hair. Knots have practical, decorative, and technical roles in sailing, climbing, me…

Koh-i-Noor (Mountain of Light) — historic diamond Koh-i-Noor The Koh-i-Noor is a famed colourless diamond from the Indian subcontinent, notable for its size, 19th‑century recutting, royal use in British crowns, and ongoing repatriation claim…

La Niña: the cool phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation La Niña La Niña is the cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), marked by cooler-than-average central and eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures and distinct global weather…

Lemon (color) Lemon is a bright, light yellow hue reminiscent of the citrus fruit; used in design, fashion, and signage, it has distinct variations, cultural meanings, and an English name record…

Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes: overview and notable storms List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes Overview of Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes: definition, detection history, notable examples and records, naming and retirement, and patterns such as active seasons and consecutive-…

Luster (mineralogy): types, causes, and how it aids identification Luster (mineralogy) Luster describes how light interacts with the surface of a mineral, giving characteristic sheen or gloss. This article explains causes, common luster types, diagnostic uses, and im…