Earth science
Articles about geology, climate, oceans and the planet.
Sea caves
Sea Caves: Formation, Features, and Significance
Sea glass
Sea ice
Sea ice: formation, structure, and importance
Sea level
Sea level: definition, measurement, and significance
Sea surface temperature
Seabed
Seabed (sea floor): structure, ecology, exploration, and human impact
Seafloor spreading
Seamount
Seamounts: Submerged Volcanoes, Ecosystems, and Hazards
Sediment
Sediment: deposition, composition and geological significance
Sedimentary rock
Sedimentology
Seismic wave
Oscillations that travel through Earth after sudden energy release; includes body and surface waves, their properties, detection, and uses in seismology and exploration.
Seismogram
Seismogram: recorded traces of ground motion
Seismology
Seismology: the study of Earth's vibrations and internal structure
Seismometer
Severe weather
Severe weather: storms, causes, impacts, and preparedness
Shale
Shale: a fine‑grained sedimentary rock — characteristics, formation and uses
Shale gas
Shale gas: formation, extraction, uses and impacts
Shatsky Rise
Shield volcano
Shingle beach
Shingle beach (pebble beach): characteristics, formation and examples
Shiprock
Shiprock: Volcanic Neck and Navajo Landmark in Northwestern New Mexico
Siberian Traps
Siberian Traps: a Large Igneous Province and the End‑Permian Event
Siderian
Silicate mineral
Sill (geology)
Silt
Silt: fine sediment and soil particle type
Siltstone
Siltstone: a sedimentary mudrock dominated by silt-sized grains
Silurian
Silurian Period — post-Ordovician recovery, early land plants and marine diversification
Sirius Passet
Sirius Passet: Cambrian Lagerstätte of northern Greenland
Skjaldbreiður
Skjaldbreiður: Icelandic Shield Volcano
Slate
Slate (metamorphic rock)
Fine-grained metamorphic rock produced from shale under low-grade metamorphism; notable for slaty cleavage and widespread use in roofing, flooring, tablets and decorative stone.
Sleet
Sleet (precipitation)
Slope
Slope (mathematics, geometry, and applied contexts)
Small shelly fossils
Smithsonite
Smoky Hill Chalk
Snow
Snow: formation, characteristics, uses and hazards
Snowball Earth
Snowball Earth: global glaciation events and scientific debate
Soapstone
Soil
Soil: composition, formation, ecology and human significance
An encyclopedia overview of soil: its composition and horizons, formation processes, ecological roles, organisms, uses in agriculture and engineering, and human impacts and conserv
Soil classification
Soil erosion
Soil erosion: causes, types, impacts and prevention
Soil science
Soil science: study, structure, formation and uses
Solnhofen Limestone
Solnhofen Limestone — Upper Jurassic fossil lagerstätte in Bavaria