Art

Director (roles, types, and responsibilities) Director Overview of the term ‘director’ across arts, media and business: common types, duties, historical notes and distinctions between film, television, theatre, art and corporate direct…

Disney's Nine Old Men: the studio's core animators and their legacy Disney's Nine Old Men The Nine Old Men were nine core Walt Disney Studio animators whose character work, mentoring and design shaped Disney feature animation, theme-park attractions and animation educat…

Document: Definition, Forms, History and Uses Document A document is a recorded piece of information created to communicate, preserve, or prove facts. This article explains types, parts, history, common uses, and how documents differ f…

documenta — major quinquennial exhibition of modern and contemporary art documenta documenta is a leading quinquennial exhibition of modern and contemporary art held in Kassel, Germany, since 1955, known for large-scale curated projects, experimental displays, an…

Dojo (道場): Japanese training hall for martial arts and traditional practice Dojo A dojo (道場) literally means “place of the Way.” It is a Japanese training hall historically tied to temples and Buddhism, now used for martial arts, meditation, and disciplined gro…

Door (architecture and function) Door A door is a movable barrier used in buildings, vehicles, and enclosures to permit or restrict access, provide security and privacy, control light and ventilation, and contribute to…

Drawing: techniques, materials, history, and everyday uses Drawing Comprehensive overview of drawing: what it is, common media and techniques, a concise history, practical uses, and distinctions between styles and purposes.

Dreams: nature, types, history, and scientific perspectives Dream An accessible overview of dreams: what they are, common types (lucid dreams, nightmares, false awakenings), how they are remembered, cultural uses, and major scientific and histori…

Dreaming The mental experience of images, sensations, and narratives during sleep, and related cultural, spiritual, and popular uses, including Indigenous Australian 'Dreaming' and nickname…

Dreamtime (The Dreaming): Aboriginal Australian cosmology and law Dreamtime Dreamtime, often called The Dreaming, is the Aboriginal Australian conception of creation, ancestral beings, law and the ongoing relationship between people, land and ceremony.

Droste effect A visual motif in which an image contains a smaller copy of itself, repeated recursively; used in art, advertising, photography, and digital imaging to create self-reference and vi…

Drunken Tiger — pioneering South Korean hip hop collective Drunken Tiger Drunken Tiger is a long-running South Korean hip hop act led by Tiger JK. Formed from a hip hop clan, it helped popularize Korean hip hop since 1999 and remains influential through…

Dutch Golden Age painting: genres, makers and cultural context Dutch Golden Age painting Seventeenth-century painting in the Dutch Republic marked by realism, varied specialized genres, market orientation, and lasting influence on European art and collecting.

Dysart, Iowa Dysart is a small city in Tama County, Iowa, United States, known for its agricultural surroundings, community institutions, and local history dating to the late 19th century.

E-Artsup — French private school for digital creativity and multimedia E-Artsup E-Artsup is a private French graduate school founded in 2001 that trains students in digital creativity: communication, concept, motion and interaction design, and game design with…

Ealing Art College — history, courses, notable alumni and legacy Ealing Art College A concise overview of Ealing Art College: its programs, notable students, development and lasting influence on British art, design and popular music, with references to departments…

Ear: structure, function, adaptations, and roles in animals Ear Comprehensive overview of the ear: anatomy (outer, middle, inner), how hearing works, evolutionary adaptations across animals, and non-hearing functions such as thermoregulation an…

Earthenware: Definition, Properties, History and Uses Earthenware Earthenware is low-fired, porous pottery made from clay and usually glazed. This article covers its composition, firing, types (including terracotta), history, common uses and how…

East Asian calligraphy: tradition, styles, tools, and cultural role East Asian calligraphy Overview of East Asian calligraphy: its origins in China, major script styles, tools and techniques, historical spread to Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, and its cultural importance and…

Edgar Degas: French Artist of Dancers, Pastels, and Innovative Draftsmanship Edgar Degas Edgar Degas (1834–1917) was a French artist associated with Impressionism, renowned for his paintings, pastels and sculptures of dancers, his mastery of draftsmanship, and his stud…

Edman Ayvazyan (1931–2020) — Iranian‑Armenian painter Edman Ayvazyan Overview of Edman Ayvazyan, an Iranian‑Armenian painter born in Tehran (1931–2020), his themes, medium, background and cultural significance within Armenian and Iranian art.

Édouard Manet: Pioneer of Modern Painting Édouard Manet French painter Édouard Manet (1832–1883) bridged Realism and Impressionism by depicting modern life. His bold subjects and brushwork, including Lunch on the Grass and Olympia, resh…

Eduardo Mac Entyre: Argentine geometric and abstract artist Eduardo Mac Entyre Overview of Eduardo Mac Entyre (1929–2014), an Argentine painter known for geometric abstraction and varied modernist work; biography, styles, recognition, and influence in Latin A…

Edvard Munch: Norwegian artist and pioneer of Expressionism Edvard Munch Edvard Munch (1863–1944), Norwegian painter and printmaker known for The Scream, The Sick Child and emotionally charged images that helped shape early 20th‑century expressionism an…

Effigy: representation, history, types and uses Effigy An effigy is a deliberate likeness of a person, usually three-dimensional. This article outlines forms, materials, historical development, funerary roles, ritual and political uses…

Egon Schiele: Austrian Expressionist Painter and Figure Artist Egon Schiele Egon Schiele (1890–1918) was an Austrian painter known for stark, angular depictions of the human figure. His intense portraits and drawings were central to Viennese modernism and…

El Lissitzky (Lazar Markovich Lissitzky) El Lissitzky Russian avant-garde artist and designer (1890–1941) known for Suprematism, the Proun series, innovative typography, exhibition design and influence on Bauhaus and Constructivism.

Electric blue (color) Electric blue is a vivid, highly saturated cyan‑leaning blue associated with electricity, neon lighting and iridescent animal colors. The name dates to the late 19th century and ap…

Elgin Marbles (Parthenon Marbles) Elgin Marbles Ancient Greek marble sculptures taken from the Parthenon in the early 19th century, long displayed in the British Museum and subject to ongoing debates over cultural ownership and…

Ellsworth Kelly: American Abstract Painter, Sculptor, and Printmaker Ellsworth Kelly Ellsworth Kelly (1923–2015) was an American artist noted for hard-edge abstraction, Color Field painting, shaped canvases, and minimalist sculpture emphasizing pure form and color.

Emblem: Visual symbols, history, and cultural meanings Emblem An emblem is a pictorial device — abstract or representational — used to convey ideas, identities, moral truths, or allegories. This article explains forms, history, uses, and dist…

Embroidery: Techniques, Materials, History, and Modern Practice Embroidery Overview of embroidery as a decorative needlework craft: materials, common techniques, historical and cultural importance, uses from garments to art, and distinctions between hand…

Emerald (color) Emerald is a vivid bluish-green hue named after the gemstone. Associated with nature, renewal and luxury, it is widely used in design, fashion and branding and was first named in E…

Emo (music): origins, styles, culture and influence Emo Emo is a rock-derived style known for expressive, confessional lyrics and dynamic song structures. This article outlines its origins, musical traits, subgenres, cultural role and n…

EMPAC (Curtis R. Priem Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center) EMPAC EMPAC is a multidisciplinary arts and research center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, combining performance spaces and advanced media technology for creative…

Vitreous (Porcelain) Enamel: Fused Glass Coatings on Metal Enamel (glass) Vitreous enamel is powdered glass fused to metal, glass or ceramics. This article explains its composition, techniques, history, common uses, differences from glazes, and basic car…

English country dance A communal English folk dance tradition from the Renaissance, performed in longways sets with progressive figures. Influential on contra and square dance; revived in the 20th centu…

Engraving: technique, history, and uses Engraving Engraving is the practice of incising designs into hard surfaces for decoration, printmaking, or security; it includes hand and mechanical methods and remains used in art, industry…

Entertainer: Roles, Types, History, and Cultural Influence Entertainer An entertainer performs to amuse, engage, or move audiences. This article outlines common types, skills, historical development, settings, and the social role of entertainers.

Entertainment: forms, history, and social functions Entertainment Overview of entertainment as activities and media that engage attention, including types, history, uses, and distinctions between live, recorded, and interactive forms.

Epoxy: chemistry, properties, uses, and safety Epoxy Overview of epoxy resins and adhesives: chemistry of epoxide groups, curing and hardeners, major properties, common applications, history, and safe handling considerations.

Erin (color): a vivid green between green and spring green Erin (color) Erin is a bright green hue located midway between green and spring green, named after the poetic name for Ireland; used in design and symbolism for its fresh, lively tone.

Erotic photography: definition, characteristics, history and distinctions Erotic photography An overview of erotic photography: goals, visual traits and techniques, historical development, ethical and legal distinctions from nude art and pornography, and practical consider…

Escapology: the art and practice of escape performance Escapology Escapology is the theatrical and technical practice of freeing oneself from restraints, enclosures, and hazards. It includes methods, history, safety, notable performers and how it…

Etching (printmaking) Etching Etching is an intaglio printmaking method in which acid bites lines into a metal plate through a drawn ground, allowing artists to produce detailed prints with varied line and tone…

Expense: meaning, accounting treatment, types and significance Expense A concise guide to expenses: definitions, how they are recorded in accounting, common types, differences from costs and capital spending, and why they matter for individuals and or…

Experience — learning through action, observation, and reflection Experience Experience is practical knowledge gained by doing or observing. This article explains types of experience, how it develops, common uses, differences from formal knowledge, and ways…

Experiment: testing ideas and methods in science and engineering Experiment A structured test of an idea, procedure, or hypothesis used to observe outcomes, evaluate models, and inform decisions. Central to the scientific method and widely applied across d…