History

Thai solar calendar A civil calendar used in Thailand that follows the Gregorian solar system but counts years in the Buddhist Era; adopted in the late 19th century and adjusted in 1941 to start the y…

The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 The Age of Extremes Eric Hobsbawm's 1994 synthesis treats 1914–1991 as a coherent 'short twentieth century', assessing political, economic and cultural upheavals and his judgments on ideologies, confl…

Attitude Era (professional wrestling) The Attitude Era Late-1990s to early-2000s WWF period defined by edgier, adult-oriented programming, the Monday Night Wars, the Montreal Screwjob, and the rise of antihero superstars.

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Edward Gibbon's landmark history The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire A concise encyclopedia entry on Edward Gibbon's multi-volume work tracing Rome's transformation and fall, its themes, methodology, publication, reception, and lasting influence.

The Holocaust (Shoah): systematic persecution and mass murder The Holocaust The Holocaust, or Shoah, was the state-sponsored persecution and murder by Nazi Germany of about six million Jews and millions of other victims during World War II. Overview, metho…

The Protectorate (1653–1659): England, Scotland and Ireland under the Lord Protector The Protectorate The Protectorate was the republican regime in Britain from 1653–1659 led by a Lord Protector. It combined a written constitution, military influence and Puritan reforms before coll…

The Restoration (1660): Return of the Stuart Monarchy in the British Isles The Restoration The Restoration (1660) marks the re-establishment of the Stuart monarchy across England, Scotland and Ireland after the republican Interregnum, reshaping politics, religion and cul…

The Troubles (Northern Ireland conflict) The Troubles A concise overview of the Northern Ireland conflict known as the Troubles: origins, main actors, casualties, key events, the peace process and enduring legacy.

Theodemer (early Frankish ruler) Theodemer Brief article on Theodemer, a sparsely attested early leader described as a Frankish king; covers name forms, historical context in the Migration Period, sources, and how he is tre…

Thermidorian Reaction: end of the Reign of Terror and its political legacy Thermidorian Reaction The Thermidorian Reaction was the internal overthrow of Jacobin leadership in the French Revolution on 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794). It ended the Reign of Terror and reshaped…

Third Servile War (Spartacus: the Gladiator Revolt against Rome) Third Servile War A major slave uprising in Italy (73–71 BC) led by Spartacus that challenged the late Roman Republic, defeated several Roman detachments, and was suppressed by Marcus Licinius Crass…

Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800) — Retrocession of Louisiana Third Treaty of San Ildefonso A secret 1800 agreement in which Spain agreed to return the territory of Louisiana to France; its effects led directly to the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and reshaped colonial North Am…

Thirteen Colonies of British North America Thirteen Colonies Overview of the Thirteen Colonies established along the eastern coast of North America: regional groups, economies, social systems, political development, and path to American inde…

Thirty Years' War A major European conflict (1618–1648) centered in the German lands that began with religious disputes and evolved into a wider struggle over dynastic power, state sovereignty, and…

Thracians: ancient Indo-European peoples of the Balkans Thracians Overview of the Thracians: their geography, language, society, material culture, interactions with Greeks and Romans, and modern legacy in the Thrace region.

Three Kingdoms (China): the era of Wei, Shu Han, and Wu Three Kingdoms Period of Chinese disunity following the Han dynasty (late 2nd–3rd century CE) when Cao Wei, Shu Han and Eastern Wu vied for supremacy; notable for military conflict, literature an…

Three Kingdoms of Korea (Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla) Three Kingdoms of Korea A concise encyclopedia overview of Korea's Three Kingdoms period (1st century BCE–7th century CE): key states, culture, rivalry, unification under Silla, sources, and lasting legac…

Thutmose Thutmose (also Tuthmosis, Tutmose) is an ancient Egyptian name borne by several 18th Dynasty pharaohs and notable artisans; it means ‘Born of Thoth’ and appears across royal and ar…

Time in Pakistan Summary of Pakistan Standard Time (UTC+05:00), brief history of daylight saving experiments (2002, 2008, 2009), effects on daily life, cross‑border relations and practical consider…

Timeline: definition, structure, history and uses Timeline A timeline arranges events in sequential order to show when they occurred. This article explains its structure, history, common layouts, uses, and practical tips for clear presenta…

Timeline of Burgundian and Habsburg acquisitions in the Low Countries Chronological overview of how the medieval Low Countries passed into Burgundian hands and then into Habsburg rule, with political background, key events, and long-term consequences…

Timeline of Christianity: Key Periods, Events, and Developments Timeline of Christianity A concise, structured overview of Christianity’s timeline from its origins to the modern era, covering dating systems, major periods, landmark events, and lasting distinctions amon…

Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War A structured account of political, legal, social and territorial events that built tensions between North and South and culminated in the secession crisis and the American Civil Wa…

Timeline of prehistoric Britain (to 1 BC) Timeline of prehistoric Britain A concise, structured account of Britain’s prehistory up to 1 BC, outlining major periods, key sites and technologies, environmental change, and how archaeologists reconstruct that…

Timeline of World War II (1931–1945) Timeline of World War II Chronological overview of the major events and phases of World War II, from early aggressions in the 1930s through global conflict, turning points, and the war’s end and consequenc…

Timurid dynasty (Gurkānī) Timurid dynasty Central Asian Turco‑Mongol dynasty (Gurkānī) founded by Timur; built the Timurid and Mughal states and fostered a Persianate cultural renaissance in the 14th–16th centuries.

Timurid Empire (14th–15th century Central Asian dynasty) Timurid Empire A Persianate Turco-Mongol state founded by Timur (Tamerlane) in the late 14th century, centered on Samarkand. Noted for military conquests, administrative Persian culture and a cul…

Tiridates — rulers of the Arsacid dynasties in Parthia and Armenia Tiridates Tiridates (Trdat) is a dynastic name borne by several Parthian and Armenian Arsacid kings. This article outlines the main bearers, the name's origin, and their historical significa…

Tokuji: a short-era name of early 14th-century Japan Tokuji Tokuji (徳治) was a Japanese era name from December 1306 to October 1308, during the late Kamakura period under Emperor Go-Nijō. This article summarizes its dates, context, and succe…

Toltec: Mesoamerican culture, archaeological site, and legend Toltec Toltec refers to a Mesoamerican cultural tradition centered at Tula and to a legendary people in later Aztec accounts; the term is used in several different scholarly senses.

Tosa Province — historical province of Japan (now Kōchi Prefecture) Tosa Province Tosa Province was a historical Japanese province on Shikoku, covering the area of modern Kōchi Prefecture. It played a notable role in feudal Japan and the Meiji Restoration and is…

Townshend Acts (1767 British revenue and regulatory measures) Townshend Acts Series of 1767 British acts imposing duties on imports to the American colonies, provoking widespread colonial protest, boycotts, partial repeal, and escalating tensions before the…

Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936): history and legacy Transcaucasian SFSR A short history of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936), a Soviet union republic that encompassed modern Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan with its cap…

Treaty of Amritsar (1846) — transfer of Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh Treaty of Amritsar (1846) The 1846 Treaty of Amritsar transferred control of Kashmir from the defeated Sikh state to Maharaja Gulab Singh after the First Anglo‑Sikh War, creating Dogra rule and shaping late…

Treaty of Aranjuez (1801) Agreement signed 21 March 1801 in which Spain formally confirmed the transfer of Louisiana back to France in compensation arrangements involving territories in Italy.

Treaty of Berlin (1878) International agreement from the 1878 Congress of Berlin that revised the Treaty of San Stefano, redistributed Ottoman Balkan territories, and reshaped southeastern Europe.

Treaty of Berlin (1889) — the Samoan Act of 1889 Treaty of Berlin (1889) An 1889 multilateral act that placed the Samoan islands under a neutral, jointly guaranteed government by several powers to resolve competing claims; it brought temporary stability…

Treaty of Berlin (1899) — partition of the Samoan Islands Treaty of Berlin (1899) An agreement in November 1899 by the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom that divided the Samoan archipelago between Germany and the United States and ended a colonial cr…

Treaty of Lausanne (1923) Treaty of Lausanne 1923 peace treaty that recognized the Republic of Turkey, defined its borders after the Turkish War of Independence, arranged population transfers and minority protections, and set…

Treaty of London (1913) — settlement after the First Balkan War Treaty of London (1913) Peace agreement signed May 1913 that ended the First Balkan War, redistributed most Ottoman territory in Europe, and left the status and borders of Albania and other contested area…

Treaty of Paris (1783): Peace agreement ending the American Revolutionary War Treaty of Paris (1783) The Treaty of Paris (1783) formally ended the American Revolutionary War, recognized U.S. independence and redistributed colonial possessions among Britain, France, Spain and the N…

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Peace treaty signed in 1919 that settled Austria's status after World War I, redistributed Habsburg territories, limited Austrian sovereignty, and incorporated the League of Nation…

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) Treaty of Shimonoseki The 1895 treaty that ended the First Sino-Japanese War, redefining East Asian borders and influence by ceding territories, recognizing Korean independence, and imposing reparations…

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): division of newly discovered lands Treaty of Tordesillas Agreement between Spain and Portugal in 1494 that drew an imaginary meridian to divide overseas lands, shaping early colonial boundaries, legal doctrines, and the linguistic map of…

Treaty of Trianon (1920): terms, territorial changes and legacy Treaty of Trianon The Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920) formally ended Hungary’s state of war after World War I, imposing territorial losses, military limits and reparations and shaping Central Europe…

Treaty of Verdun (843) and the division of the Carolingian Empire Treaty of Verdun The 843 Treaty of Verdun split Charlemagne's empire among his grandsons into three kingdoms, shaping the political map of medieval Europe and laying groundwork for later France and…

Treaty of Warsaw (1970) A 1970 agreement between West Germany and Poland that recognized the post‑World War II Oder–Neisse border and committed both states to peaceful relations, forming part of West Germ…

Trecento: Italy in the Fourteenth Century Trecento Trecento refers to Italy's 14th-century cultural period, marked by innovations in painting, literature, music and civic life that anticipated the Renaissance.