History

Sui Dynasty: Reunification, Reform, and the Grand Canal Sui Dynasty Short-lived Chinese dynasty (581–618) that reunified north and south, initiated major reforms and infrastructure projects such as the Grand Canal, and set the stage for the Tang er…

Suiko period A historical label for the years associated with Empress Suiko during Japan’s Asuka period, used in scholarship to frame political, religious, and cultural reforms in the early 7th…

Sumer: The Early City-States of Southern Mesopotamia Sumer Sumer was an early Bronze Age civilization in southern Mesopotamia known for city-states, cuneiform writing, irrigation agriculture, and innovations that shaped later Near Eastern…

Summer of Love (1967): Haight‑Ashbury and the Flower Children Summer of Love The Summer of Love was the summer of 1967 centered in San Francisco's Haight‑Ashbury that drew tens of thousands of young people and shaped music, fashion, political protest, and y…

Suphan Buri Province, Thailand Suphan Buri province Suphan Buri is a central Thai province with an archaeological record over 2,500 years old, long ties to the Ayutthaya polity, an agricultural economy, and notable temples, monument…

Suwa Province Short-lived historical province in central Honshū, located in the area of modern Nagano Prefecture; notable for its link to Lake Suwa and Suwa Taisha shrine.

Swadeshi movement: Indian campaign for self-reliance and boycott (1905) Swadeshi movement Early 20th-century Indian movement promoting indigenous industry and boycotts of British goods, launched in Calcutta in 1905 as part of the wider independence struggle.

Swan River Colony: early settlement and origins of Western Australia Swan River Colony The Swan River Colony was the British settlement established on the Swan River that became the nucleus of Western Australia. This article outlines its founding, land policies, Indi…

Syrian civil war (2011–present) Syrian civil war Multi-sided armed conflict that began in 2011 in Syria; involves domestic factions, regional powers and global actors and has caused large-scale displacement and humanitarian crise…

Tahirid dynasty A Persian Sunni dynasty that governed the Abbasid province of Khorasan in the 9th century (c. 821–873), notable for semi‑autonomous rule from Merv and Nishapur and for enabling the…

Taifa: the independent principalities of medieval Iberia Taifa Taifas were small, independent Muslim-ruled principalities that emerged in medieval Iberia after the collapse and during the decline of the Caliphate of Córdoba, shaping politics,…

Taihō (era) Taihō (大宝) was a short Japanese era from March 701 to May 704 under Emperor Mommu; it is noted for the promulgation of the Taihō legal codes and the restoration of the nengō system…

Taika (era) — Japan's first nengō and the Taika Reforms (645–650) Taika (era) Taika (645–650) was the first Japanese era name (nengō) during Emperor Kōtoku’s reign. It marks the Isshi Incident aftermath and the start of the Taika Reforms that centralized the…

Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) Taiping Rebellion A large-scale mid-19th century civil war in China led by Hong Xiuquan that established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and caused tens of millions of deaths, profoundly affecting the…

Taishō period (Japan, 1912–1926) Taishō period Japanese historical era from 1912 to 1926 marked by parliamentary experiments, cultural modernism, and social change under Emperor Taishō.

Tane Province (Tane-no kuni) — historic Japanese island province Tane Province Tane Province (Tane-no kuni) was a short-lived island province of Japan (674–824), located in the area of modern Kagoshima Prefecture on Kyūshū and incorporating islands to the sou…

Tang dynasty (618–907): China's Golden Age Tang dynasty Imperial dynasty (618–907) known for political reform, cultural flowering, a cosmopolitan capital at Chang'an, poetry, Silk Road trade, and the brief interruption by Empress Wu's Z…

Tanggu Truce (1933): ceasefire and its aftermath in North China Tanggu Truce The Tanggu Truce was a 1933 ceasefire between China and the Empire of Japan near Tianjin that created a demilitarized zone and effectively consolidated Japanese control of Manchuri…

Teapot Dome scandal: early 1920s U.S. oil-leasing controversy Teapot Dome A major early-1920s U.S. political scandal in which Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall secretly leased naval oil reserves to private companies; Senate probes, convictions, and legal…

Ten'an era (857–859) — a mid-Heian nengō Ten'an Ten'an (857–859) was a short Japanese era name (nengō) in the mid-Heian period, covering the end of Emperor Montoku's reign and the accession of Emperor Seiwa and the rise of Fujiw…

Ten'ei (Japanese era) Ten'ei Ten'ei (天永) was a Japanese era name (nengō) from July 1110 to July 1113 during the reign of Emperor Toba in the late Heian period.

Ten'en (Japanese era, 973–976) Ten'en Ten'en (天延) was a Japanese era name used from December 973 to July 976 during the reign of Emperor En'yu. It is part of the Heian period sequence of nengō used to date events and d…

Tenbun (Japanese era, 1532–1555) Tenbun Japanese era name Tenbun (天文), spanning July 1532 to October 1555, coinciding with mid‑Sengoku political fragmentation, important foreign contacts, and cultural change under Empero…

Tenchō era (Japan, 824–834) Tenchō Tenchō (天長, “Heavenly Longevity”) was the Japanese era name from January 824 to January 834, spanning the reigns of Emperors Junna and Ninmyō during the early Heian period.

Tengen era (978–983) — a Japanese nengō of the Heian period Tengen (era) Tengen was a Japanese era name (nengō) from November 978 to April 983 during the Heian period, covering the reign of Emperor En'yu and reflecting the era-name system used to mark c…

Tengi (Japanese era name, 1053–1058) Tengi Tengi (天喜) was a Japanese era name (nengō) used from January 1053 to August 1058 during the Heian period, under Emperor Go-Reizei. It succeeded Eishō and preceded Kōhei.

Tengyō era (938–947) — a Japanese nengō of the Heian period Tengyō Tengyō (天慶) was a Japanese era name from May 938 to April 947, covering the late reign of Emperor Suzaku and the start of Emperor Murakami; noted for regional revolts and consolida…

Tenji (Japanese era, 1124–1126) Tenji (era) Tenji (天治) was a short Japanese era name spanning April 1124 to January 1126 during the reign of Emperor Sutoku, used in court records and chronicles to mark years in the late Heia…

Tenju: Southern Court era name during Japan's Nanboku-chō period (1375–1381) Tenju Tenju (天授) was the Southern Court era name in Japan from May 1375 to February 1381, set during the Nanboku-chō conflict with rival Northern Court claimants in Kyoto.

Tenmei era (1781–1789): Japanese nengo under Emperor Kōkaku Tenmei Overview of the Tenmei era (1781–1789): the Japanese nengō under Emperor Kōkaku, its dating system, historical context, and notable 1780s crises including crop failures and a major…

Tenna era (1681–1684) — a short period of the early Edo period Tenna Tenna (1681–1684) was a Japanese era name meaning "Peace of Heaven", spanning the reign of Emperor Reigen and early years of Shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi during the Edo period.

Tennin (era) — Japanese nengō (1108–1110) Tennin (era) Tennin (天仁) was a Japanese era name from August 1108 to July 1110 in the late Heian period, under Emperor Toba. It followed Kajō and preceded Ten'ei and is part of the classical ne…

Tenpō (天保) — Japanese era name, December 1830–December 1844 Tenpō Japanese era name (nengō) from Dec 1830 to Dec 1844 under Emperor Ninkō. Marked by the Tenpō famine, the Tenpō Reforms, rising unrest, and fiscal strains in the late Tokugawa shogu…

Tenpō calendar (Tenpō-reki) Tenpō calendar A Japanese lunisolar calendar published during the Tenpō era (1830–1844), used in late Edo Japan to govern months, festivals and agricultural cycles until adoption of the Gregorian…

Tenpuku (Japanese era, 1233–1234) Tenpuku Tenpuku (天福) was a short Japanese era name lasting April 1233–November 1234 under Emperor Shijō, situated in the Kamakura period between the Jōei and Bunryaku eras.

Tenpyō era (729–749) — Japanese nengō during Emperor Shōmu’s reign Tenpyō Tenpyō (729–749) was a Japanese era under Emperor Shōmu marked by strong state patronage of Buddhism, a major epidemic, the kokubun-ji temple system, and cultural development in th…

Tenpyō-hōji era (757–765) Tenpyō-hōji Japanese era name from August 757 to January 765 during the Nara period, covering the reigns of Emperor Junnin and Empress Shōtoku and marked by the Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion.

Tenpyō-jingo: a brief overview of the Japanese era (765–767) Tenpyō-jingo Tenpyō-jingo was a short Japanese era name from January 765 to August 767 during the reign of Empress Shōtoku (formerly Kōken), placed between Tenpyō-hōji and Jingo-keiun in the cl…

Tenpyō-kanpō: the short Japanese era of 749 Tenpyō-kanpō Tenpyō-kanpō (天平感宝) was a Japanese era name that lasted only April–July 749 CE during the final months of Emperor Shōmu's reign. It marks a brief transition between Tenpyō and Tenp…

Tenpyō-shōhō (Japanese era, 749–757) Tenpyō-shōhō Tenpyō-shōhō was a Japanese era name (nengō) from July 749 to August 757 during the Nara period, associated with Empress Kōken’s reign and the political-cultural developments aroun…

Tenroku (天禄): a short Japanese era of the Heian period Tenroku Tenroku (天禄) was a Japanese era name (nengō) from March 970 to March 973 during the Heian period; it spanned the reigns of Emperors Reizei and En'yū and reflects court practice of…

Tenryaku era (Japan, 947–957) Tenryaku Tenryaku (947–957) was a Japanese era name during Emperor Murakami’s reign in the mid-Heian period. Context, characteristics, chronology, and its place in court politics and cultur…

Tenshō — Japanese era names (1131–1132; 1573–1592) Tensho Tenshō denotes two separate Japanese era names: Tenshō (天承) of 1131–1132 and Tenshō (天正) of 1573–1592. The latter covers the Azuchi–Momoyama unification period and the Tenshō Embas…

Tenshō (1131–1132): a short Heian-era nengō Tenshō (Heian period) Tenshō was a Japanese era name (nengō) covering January 1131–August 1132 during the Heian period, with Emperor Sutoku on the throne. It sits between the Daiji and Chōshō eras.

Tenshō era (1573–1592): political consolidation and cultural change in Japan Tenshō (Momoyama period) Tenshō (天正, “Heavenly Virtue”) is the Japanese era from July 1573 to December 1592. It spans the fall of the Ashikaga shogunate, the rise of Oda and Toyotomi, major battles and cul…

Tentoku (Japanese era, 957–961) Tentoku Tentoku (天徳) was a Japanese era from October 957 to February 961 during the Heian period, under Emperor Murakami. It follows Tenryaku and precedes Ōwa and is part of the classical…

Teshio Province (Hokkaido): history, geography, and legacy Teshio Province Teshio Province was an administrative division of early Meiji-era Hokkaido (1869–1882). This article outlines its geography, administrative history, and the province's modern legac…

Texas Revolution: struggle for independence and its aftermath (1835–1836) Texas Revolution Overview of the Texas Revolution: causes, principal events such as the Alamo and San Jacinto, the Republic of Texas, and consequences including annexation and the Mexican–American…