The Southern United States, commonly called the South, denotes a broad and diverse region in the southeastern and south‑central United States. Definitions vary by history, culture and government classification: for example the U.S. Census Bureau groups a set of states under this region while historians and residents may emphasize historical ties to the antebellum era and its aftermath (Southern United States).

Geography and climate

Large parts of the region experience long, warm summers and generally mild winters, factors that historically produced a long growing season. Heavy summer rainfall is common in many areas, especially along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, contributing to agricultural productivity. The term "Deep South" traditionally refers to the states at the core of plantation-era agriculture and slavery (Deep South). By contrast, states such as Arizona, New Mexico and southern California are geographically southern but are usually classified as the Southwestern United States because of different climate patterns (climate), cultural history (culture) and population origins (ethnic makeup).

History and regional identity

Historical events have strongly shaped Southern identity. Several states joined the short‑lived Confederacy during the American Civil War (Confederate states), while others remained in the Union and were termed border states. The long 19th‑ and 20th‑century legacies of slavery, Reconstruction, segregation and the civil rights movement continue to influence politics, law and social life in the region. These historical layers combine with local traditions to produce a range of regional identities from the coastal Lowcountry to the Appalachian uplands.

Culture, economy and traditions

The South has contributed distinctive cuisines, musical styles and religious traditions to American culture. Southern cooking places emphasis on local staples and techniques—soul food, barbecue and other regional dishes—and is recognized nationally for its influence (Southern United States cuisine). Economically, agriculture remains important in parts of the region (cotton, tobacco, peanuts, fruit), while cities support manufacturing, energy, services and technology. Music genres such as blues, country and jazz have deep roots in Southern communities.

States commonly included

Which states are considered part of the South varies by definition. The Census Bureau includes a set of states and one federal district; other lists differ. Typical states listed by many sources include:

Some areas lie along classification boundaries: for example, Missouri is sometimes described as Southern in cultural or historical contexts but the Census classifies it as Midwestern. That overlap illustrates why definitions of the South depend on whether one emphasizes geography, history, demography or local self‑identity.

For further reading and specific state histories, consult official sources and regional studies linked above and in state archives and historical societies listed by those institutions.