Jōhei era (931–938): a Japanese nengō during Emperor Suzaku's reign Jōhei Jōhei (承平) was a Japanese era name from April 931 to May 938, covering part of the mid-Heian period. It followed Enchō and preceded Tengyō during the reign of Emperor Suzaku.
Jōhō (Japanese era, 1074–1077) Jōhō Jōhō was a Japanese era name (nengō) lasting from August 1074 to November 1077 during the reign of Emperor Shirakawa in the late Heian period.
Jōji (Japanese era, 1362–1368) Jōji Jōji was the era name (nengō) used by the Northern Court during Japan's Nanboku-chō conflict, lasting from 1362 to 1368. It overlapped with the Southern Court under Emperor Go-Mura…
Jōkyō (1684–1688): Japanese era and the Jōkyō calendar Jōkyō Jōkyō was a Japanese era from February 1684 to September 1688, spanning the reigns of Emperors Reigen and Higashiyama and notable for the creation of the Jōkyō calendar and transit…
Jōkyū (1219–1222): a Japanese era and the 1221 imperial revolt Jōkyū Jōkyū (承久) was a Japanese era from April 1219 to April 1222 during Emperor Juntoku's reign, best known for the Jōkyū War of 1221, a failed imperial attempt to overturn Kamakura sho…
Jōmon period Long prehistoric era of the Japanese archipelago (commonly c. 14,000–300 BCE) noted for early pottery, cord‑marked ceramics, diverse hunter‑gatherer settlements, elaborate material…
Jōō (承応): Japanese era name of the early Edo period, 1652–1655 Jōō (Edo period) Jōō (承応) was a Japanese era name from September 1652 to April 1655 during the early Edo period, spanning the end of Emperor Go-Kōmyō's reign and the accession of Emperor Go-Sai.
Jōō (1222–1224) — Japanese era of the early Kamakura period Jōō (Kamakura period) Jōō (貞応, Jō-ō) was a short Japanese era from April 1222 to November 1224 during the Kamakura period, under Emperor Go-Horikawa, following the political upheaval of the Jōkyū distur…
Jōryaku (Japanese era, 1077–1081) Jōryaku Japanese era from November 1077 to February 1081 during the reign of Emperor Shirakawa in the Heian period; follows Jōhō and precedes Eihō.
Joseon (Korean dynasty, 1392–1910) Joseon Joseon was a Korean dynasty founded by Taejo Yi Seong‑gye that shaped state institutions, Confucian culture, and language from the late 14th century into the modern era.
Jōtoku (Japanese era, 1097–1099) Jōtoku Jōtoku (承徳) was a short Japanese era name from November 1097 to August 1099 during Emperor Horikawa's reign in the late Heian period; it followed Eichō and preceded Kōwa.
Journal of Planning History A peer-reviewed quarterly journal examining the historical development of urban planning, design, institutions, and practices, published in the United States by the Society for Ame…
Jōwa era (834–848) — early Heian period Japanese nengō Jōwa (Heian period) Jōwa (承和) is a Japanese era name from January 834 to July 848 during the early Heian period, covering the reigns of Emperors Junna and Ninmyō and reflecting court life and administ…
Jōwa (Northern Court era, 1345–1350) Jōwa (Muromachi period) Jōwa was a Japanese era name used by the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō conflicts (1345–1350). It overlapped the early Muromachi period and is associated with rival imperial…
Kingdom of Judah Judah Ancient southern Israelite polity centered on Jerusalem from the early Iron Age until the Babylonian conquest; influential in Jewish history, religion, and archaeology.
Judea (Roman province): history, administration and legacy Judea (Roman province) Roman Judea was a small eastern Mediterranean province covering much of modern Israel and Palestine. Its complex history includes client kings, provincial rule, major revolts and a…
Judeo-Arabic dialects Judeo-Arabic refers to the regional Arabic dialects used historically by Jewish communities, typically written in Hebrew script and notable for their literary, religious and commun…
Juei era (1182–1184) — Japanese nengō Juei Juei (寿永) was a Japanese era name from May 1182 to March 1184. It coincided with the Genpei War and the rival claims of Emperors Antoku and Go-Toba during a turbulent phase of late…
Julian calendar — history, structure, and legacy Julian calendar A solar calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BCE that established a leap day every four years; it dominated Europe until the Gregorian reform and remains in use for some litu…
Julio-Claudian dynasty The first imperial dynasty of Rome (27 BC–68 AD), combining the Julian and Claudian houses. It produced Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero and shaped the early Roman p…
July Revolution (France, 1830): uprising, causes and consequences July Revolution The July Revolution of 1830 toppled King Charles X, brought Louis‑Philippe to power and inaugurated the July Monarchy, a constitutional, bourgeois regime that lasted until 1848.
July Ultimatum (1914): Austria-Hungary's demand to Serbia and its consequences July Ultimatum The July Ultimatum was a stringent diplomatic demand Austria-Hungary presented to Serbia on 23 July 1914. Serbia accepted most points but rejected one; the dispute precipitated mob…
Jurchen people: origins, history, culture, and legacy Jurchen people Overview of the Jurchen people, a Tungusic group from Manchuria who founded the Jin dynasty and later became known as the Manchu; their society, relations with Korea, and historica…
Jutes — Early Germanic people from Jutland and settlers in Britain Jutes Overview of the Jutes: origins in Jutland, migration to Britain in the early medieval period, settlements in Kent and the Isle of Wight, archaeological evidence and historical lega…
Kaei era (1848–1854): late Edo Japan and the approach of Western contact Kaei Kaei (嘉永) was a Japanese era from February 1848 to November 1854 during the reign of Emperor Kōmei. It is noted for internal reform attempts and the opening pressures from Western…
Kagen (嘉元): Japanese era name, August 1303–December 1306 Kagen Kagen (嘉元) was a Japanese era name (nengō) lasting from August 1303 to December 1306, spanning part of the late Kamakura period during the reign of Emperor Go-Nijō.
Kahō (Japanese era, 1094–1096) Kahō Kahō (嘉保) was a Japanese era name (nengō) lasting from December 1094 to December 1096 during the Heian period, under Emperor Horikawa. It succeeded Kanji and preceded Eichō.
Kakei (Japanese era name, 1387–1389) Kakei Kakei (嘉慶) was a Northern Court era name during Japan's Nanboku-chō period, spanning August 1387 to February 1389 amid the rival courts of Go-Komatsu and Go‑Kameyama.
Kakitsu (Japanese era, 1441–1444) Kakitsu Kakitsu (嘉吉) was a Japanese era name from February 1441 to February 1444 during Emperor Go-Hanazono’s reign; notable for the Kakitsu Incident and political instability in the Murom…
Kalabhra dynasty: the interregnum in early medieval Tamil country Kalabhra dynasty The Kalabhra dynasty ruled parts of the Tamil country in early medieval South India; their period (often called the Kalabhra interregnum) is known mainly from Buddhist and Jain sou…
Kalmar Union (1397–1523): A Scandinavian personal union Kalmar Union The Kalmar Union (1397–1523) united the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under a single monarch. Formed to secure peace and power in the Baltic, it dissolved amid Swedish res…
Kamakura period (1185–1333): Japan’s first warrior government Kamakura period Japanese historical era (1185–1333) marked by the Kamakura shogunate, rise of the samurai, Mongol invasions, new legal institutions, and major cultural shifts including Zen influen…
Kamehameha I (Kamehameha the Great) — founder and unifier of the Hawaiian Kingdom Kamehameha I Kamehameha I (c.1736–1819) unified most Hawaiian Islands and founded the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. He combined traditional leadership with Western arms and advisors to create a centraliz…
Kan'ei (Japanese era, 1624–1643) Kan'ei Kan'ei was a Japanese era from 1624 to 1643 during the early Edo period. It encompassed Tokugawa consolidation, anti-Christian measures, the Kan'ei tsuho coinage and imperial succe…
Kan'en (Japanese era, 1748–1751) Kan'en Kan'en (寛延) was a Japanese era name during the mid-Edo period from July 1748 to October 1751, when Emperor Momozono reigned and the Tokugawa shogunate was led by Tokugawa Ieshige.
Kanbun (Japanese era, 1661–1673) Kanbun (era) Kanbun (寛文) was a Japanese era from April 1661 to September 1673, covering the reigns of Emperors Go-Sai and Reigen and occurring during the mid-Edo period under the Tokugawa shogu…
Kangen (Japanese era, 1243–1247) Kangen Kangen (寛元) was a Japanese era name from February 1243 to February 1247 during the Kamakura period, under Emperor Go‑Saga. It marks a span of court and shogunal activity in mid‑13t…
Kangi (Japanese era, 1229–1232) Kangi Kangi (寛喜, also romanized Kanki) was a Japanese era name from March 1229 to April 1232 during the reign of Emperor Go-Horikawa in the early Kamakura period.
Kanji (寛治) — Japanese era name, 1087–1094 Kanji (era) Kanji (寛治) was the Japanese era from April 1087 to December 1094, during the early reign of Emperor Horikawa and the beginning of retired-emperor (insei) influence under Shirakawa.
Kankō (1004–1012): Heian period Japanese era name Kankō Kankō (1004–1012) was a Heian-period Japanese era name used from July 1004 to December 1012, covering the reigns of Emperors Ichijō and Sanjō and following Chōhō before Chōwa.
Kanna (era): a brief account of the Japanese nengō from 985–987 Kanna (era) Kanna (寛和) was a Japanese era name (nengō) from April 985 to April 987 during the Heian period, spanning the reigns of Emperors Kazan and Ichijō and marking court changes and relig…
Kannin era (1017–1021 CE) Kannin Kannin (寛仁) was a Japanese era name from April 1017 to February 1021 during the Heian period, covering part of Emperor Go-Ichijō’s reign and situated between the Chōwa and Jian era…
Kannō (1350–1352): a Northern Court era during the Nanboku-chō period Kannō Kannō (観応) was a Japanese era name used by the Northern Court from February 1350 to September 1352, set against the rival Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō conflicts and marked…
Kanpō (Kampō): Japanese era name, 1741–1744 Kanpō Kanpō (寛保, also romanized Kampō) was a Japanese era name from February 1741 to February 1744 during the mid-Edo period under Emperor Sakuramachi.
Kanpyō era (889–898) — a Heian-period nengō Kanpyō (era) Kanpyō (889–898) was a Japanese era name of the Heian period, covering the end of Emperor Uda's reign and the accession of Emperor Daigo. It followed Ninna and preceded Shōtai duri…
Kansei (Japanese era) Kansei Kansei (寛政) was a Japanese era name from January 1789 to February 1801. It overlapped the Tokugawa shogunate and is noted for the Kansei Reforms and increased emphasis on Neo-Confu…
Kanshō (Japanese era, 1460–1466) Kanshō Kanshō (寛正) was a Japanese era name from December 1460 to February 1466, spanning the late Muromachi period under Emperors Go-Hanazono and Go-Tsuchimikado and preceding the outbrea…
Kantoku: a Japanese era of the mid-Heian period (1044–1046) Kantoku Kantoku was a Japanese era name (nengō) from November 1044 to April 1046 during the Heian period. It spans the end of Emperor Go-Suzaku's reign and the accession of Emperor Go-Reiz…
