Economics

Offshore investment

Oligopoly

Oligopoly: market structure dominated by a few interdependent firms

Oligopsony

Opportunity cost

Opportunity cost: the value of the next-best alternative foregone

Outsourcing

Outsourcing: practice, models, history and implications

Pakistani rupee

Pakistani rupee (PKR): currency of Pakistan

Panic of 1873

Panic of 1873: causes, course, and international consequences

Pareto efficiency

Pareto efficiency (Pareto optimality)

Pareto efficiency describes allocations where no individual can be made better off without making someone else worse off. It is a central concept in economics, optimization and wel

Pawn shop

Pawn shop (pawnbroker): definition, process, history and uses

An overview of pawn shops: how pawnbrokers make collateral loans, typical items, regulatory safeguards, economic role, and differences from other short-term credit options.

Peak oil

Peak oil: concept, history, and implications

Penny

Penny (coin)

Penny sterling

Per capita income

Per Capita Income: Definition, Calculation, Uses and Limitations

Perestroika

Perestroika: Soviet restructuring and reform under Mikhail Gorbachev

Perestroika was a program of economic and political reforms launched in the mid-1980s to restructure the Soviet planned economy and institutions. It had mixed results and is linked

Perfect competition

Perverse incentive

Perverse incentive: when rewards produce harmful or opposite outcomes

Peso

Peso (currency) — origins, use, and characteristics

Phillips curve

Phillips curve: the trade-off between inflation and unemployment

Physiocracy

Physiocracy: the 18th‑century economic doctrine centered on land and natural order

Political economy

Political economy: the study of markets, power, and institutions

Poll tax

Poll tax (head tax): definition, history, and controversies

Portfolio management

Pound

Pound: meanings as a unit, currency, place, and verb

Pound (currency)

Pound sterling

Poverty

Poverty: causes, measures, consequences and policy responses

Poverty in India

Poverty in India: measures, trends, causes and policy responses

Poverty line

Price elasticity of demand

Pricing

Primary sector of the economy

Prisoner's dilemma

Prisoner's dilemma: the game-theory paradox of cooperation

Private equity

Product (business)

Product (business): definition, types, lifecycle and uses

Production

Production: processes, types, and economic role

Productive efficiency

Profit

Profit (business and economic meaning)

Protectionism

Protectionism (trade policy)

Public finance

Public good

Public good: definition, characteristics, economics and provision

Purchasing power

Purchasing power parity

Purchasing power parity (PPP): concept, measurement, uses, and limitations

Quaternary sector

Quaternary sector: the knowledge‑based segment of modern economies

Random walk hypothesis

Reaganomics

Reaganomics: economic policy and legacy of the 1980s United States

Recession

Reichsmark

Renminbi

Renminbi (RMB): China's official currency

Renminbi (RMB, CNY) is the official currency of the People's Republic of China. This article explains its units, denominations, issuer, history, international role, and distinction