Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) Tokyo Stock Exchange Japan's principal securities exchange, founded in 1878 and now part of the Japan Exchange Group. It is one of the world's largest markets, home to major Japanese and international…
Toronto Stock Exchange The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) is Canada's largest equities market, a major North American exchange known for resource and financial listings, index benchmarks, and marketplace i…
Toulouse School of Economics: Overview, research, and academic programs Toulouse School of Economics Toulouse School of Economics (TSE) is a leading economics research and teaching centre in Toulouse, France, noted for strengths in microeconomics, industrial organization, public e…
Trade (exchange of goods, services and value) Trade Trade is the voluntary transfer of goods, services or value between parties. It includes barter and monetary transactions, spans local to international markets, and shapes economie…
Trade secret Trade secrets are commercially valuable, nonpublic information protected by law and business practices; protection relies on secrecy, economic value, and reasonable safeguards rath…
Tragedy of the Anticommons: When Too Many Rights Cause Underuse Tragedy of the anticommons A theory describing how excessive fragmentation of exclusionary rights can block productive use of resources, leading to underuse. Contrasts with the commons and suggests legal and…
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Trans-Pacific Partnership A multinational trade agreement negotiated among Pacific Rim countries to reduce barriers, harmonize rules on trade, intellectual property, labour and environment; later reconstitu…
Trans‑Saharan trade Trans-Saharan trade Overland trading networks linking North Africa, the Sahara and the Sahel; central to gold–salt exchange, caravan logistics, the spread of Islam, and the rise of West African states…
Transaction: Definition, Types, and Role in Commerce and Computing Transaction A transaction is an exchange of value between parties. This article explains types, components, history, banking and electronic transactions, and why accurate records and security…
Triangular trade: three-way maritime commerce and its historical role Triangular trade Triangular trade describes three-port or three-region exchange systems, notably the Atlantic slave trade, linking Europe, Africa and the Americas through specific routes, goods and…
Tribute: payments, honors, and the history of submission and respect Tribute Tribute is a payment or gift offered as respect, submission, or diplomatic exchange. This article explains forms, historical systems (empires, tributary China, feudal ties), and cu…
Trickle-down economics: theory, history, effects, and criticisms Trickle-down economics An overview of trickle-down economics: its core idea, historical development, policy examples, theoretical mechanisms, evidence, and major criticisms in public debate.
Turkish lira The Turkish lira (TRY) is Turkey's currency, subdivided into 100 kuruş. This article covers its history, denominations, uses, and economic significance, and notes its use in Northe…
Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH) Ukrainian hryvnia The hryvnia is Ukraine's national currency (ISO code UAH), subdivided into kopiykas. It has medieval origins, modern banknotes and coins, and is issued by the National Bank of Ukra…
Unemployment: causes, types, consequences and policy responses Unemployment Unemployment (joblessness) is the condition of people of working age without paid work. This article explains measurement, common types, causes, social effects, and public policies…
United States dollar The United States dollar (USD) is the official currency of the U.S., widely used worldwide as a medium of exchange, reserve currency, and pricing benchmark for commodities.
United States ten-dollar bill Overview, design, history, security features, and uses of the United States ten-dollar Federal Reserve note featuring Alexander Hamilton.
Unpaid Work: Definition, Types, Social Role and Legal Distinctions Unpaid work Overview of unpaid work—what it is, common forms (family care, volunteering, internships), its economic and social importance, and how it differs from forced labour and paid employ…
Usury: history, law, ethics and economic effects Usury Usury is the practice of charging excessive or prohibited interest on loans. This article explains definitions, historical development, religious views, legal limits, modern exampl…
Utility (economics and decision theory) Utility In economics, utility measures satisfaction or preference for goods, money, or outcomes; used in consumer choice, welfare analysis and decision-making under risk.
Value-added tax (VAT): overview, mechanics, and common practices Value-added tax A practical encyclopedia overview of value-added tax (VAT): how it works, who pays, distinctions from sales tax, typical exemptions, invoicing and cross-border rules, and common co…
Veblen good A Veblen good is a product whose desirability rises with its price because high cost signals status. Named for Thorstein Veblen, it contrasts with ordinary demand behavior and rela…
Venture capital: financing, structure, and role in startup growth Venture capital Venture capital is private equity that finances high‑growth startups in exchange for equity and hands‑on support. This article explains how VC funds work, common instruments, lifec…
Volatility (finance and economics) Volatility Volatility describes how widely and how quickly prices or values change over time. It is a statistical measure of dispersion used in risk assessment, option pricing, and financial…
Wage: definition, types, history and economic role Wage An overview of wages — money paid by employers for work — covering types, payment systems, legal and market influences, historical development, and social and economic distinctions…
War Communism (Russia, 1918–1921) War communism War communism was the set of emergency economic policies used by the Bolshevik government in Russia (1918–1921) to sustain the Red Army and the war effort; it was later replaced by…
Wealth: meanings, measures, and social importance Wealth An overview of wealth as a concept that covers financial assets, physical property, natural and human capital, measures like net worth and GDP per capita, and distinctions from inc…
Welfare: public assistance, social insurance, and basic living standards Welfare Welfare comprises public and private programs that ensure a minimum standard of living through cash, services, subsidies, or insurance. This article outlines forms, administration,…
Welfare economics Study of how economic activity affects social well‑being, how to evaluate allocations and policies using concepts like Pareto efficiency, social welfare functions, and the capabili…
West Texas Intermediate (WTI) West Texas Intermediate West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is a light, low-sulfur crude oil benchmark used in North American pricing and NYMEX futures, often quoted alongside Brent crude.
Workforce productivity Workforce productivity measures the output produced by workers per unit of time. This article covers definitions, measurement approaches, drivers and barriers, sectoral issues, his…
Yen: Japan's currency, history, denominations and global role Yen Overview of the Japanese yen (¥, 円): its denominations, history since the Meiji era, role in global finance, common features of coins and banknotes, and distinctions from other Eas…
Yield (finance) Yield Yield is the income return on an investment, expressed as a rate; this article explains definitions, measurement methods, causes of variation, and common types of yield.
Zimbabwean dollar Official currency of Zimbabwe from 1980 until 2009; experienced severe hyperinflation, multiple redenominations and was abandoned in favour of foreign currencies in 2009.
Polish złoty: currency of Poland Złoty The złoty (ISO code PLN; symbol zł) is Poland's currency. This article covers its name, denominations, history, issuing authority, and role in the economy, including key distinctio…
