Politics

Mapai — Labour Zionist party of Israel (1930–1968) Mapai Mapai was the dominant Labour Zionist party in the pre-state Yishuv and early Israel. Social-democratic and state-building in orientation, it led Israeli governments until its 1968…

Marco Rubio 2016 presidential campaign Overview of Marco Rubio's 2016 presidential campaign: announcement, themes, timeline, policy focus, debate highlights, fundraising and the campaign's outcome and legacy in the Repu…

Marianne Williamson 2020 presidential campaign An overview of Marianne Williamson's 2020 Democratic presidential campaign: origins, themes, timeline from announcement to suspension, public reception, and its place in the 2020 p…

Mark Sanford's 2020 Republican presidential campaign Mark Sanford 2020 presidential campaign Overview of Mark Sanford's short-lived 2020 bid for the Republican presidential nomination, including background, timeline, themes, reception, and significance.

Martin O'Malley 2016 presidential campaign Overview of Martin O'Malley's 2016 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination: launch, platform themes, campaign trajectory, and its significance within the 2016 Democratic fie…

Marxism: Theory, History, and Influence Marxism A concise overview of Marxism: its core concepts, origins in Marx and Engels, historical development, variations, and ongoing debates within political and economic thought.

Marxism–Leninism: theory, institutions, and historical development Marxism–Leninism Marxism–Leninism is a political ideology combining Marxist social theory with Leninist party organization; it shaped 20th-century socialist states and continues to influence severa…

McCarthyism: The U.S. anti‑Communist campaign of the mid‑20th century McCarthyism McCarthyism refers to the intense anti‑Communist suspicion and political repression in the United States during the late 1940s–1950s, associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy, loyal…

Mebyon Kernow — The Party for Cornwall Mebyon Kernow Cornish political party founded in 1951 that campaigns for greater self-government, protection of Cornish identity and localism; active in local elections and cultural advocacy.

Medical (functional constituency) — Hong Kong Legislative Council Medical (constituency) Functional constituency representing medical practitioners and dentists in Hong Kong's Legislative Council, created in 1985. Electorate consists of registered doctors and dentists…

Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Member of the European Parliament A Member of the European Parliament (MEP) is an elected representative in the EU's legislative body. MEPs draft and vote on EU laws, scrutinize institutions, serve on committees, a…

Member of the Senedd (MS) Member of the Senedd An elected representative in the Senedd (Welsh Parliament). Explains role, election method, duties, history, and how MSs contribute to Welsh law and local representation.

Meretz: Israel's left‑wing social‑democratic and green political party Meretz Meretz is an Israeli left‑wing, social‑democratic, secular and green Zionist party formed in 1992. This article outlines its ideology, history, leadership, electoral record and pol…

Meritocracy: concept, history, practices, and debates Meritocracy An organized overview of meritocracy: its definition, historical roots, common forms, uses in institutions, and the main criticisms and distinctions that shape debates about fairne…

Michael Bennet's 2020 presidential campaign Michael Bennet 2020 presidential campaign Overview of Michael Bennet's bid for the 2020 Democratic nomination: origins, themes, timeline, campaign trajectory, and its significance in the 2020 primary season.

Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign Overview of Michael Bloomberg's 2020 Democratic presidential bid: launch, strategy of skipping early states, record self-funding, Super Tuesday effort, controversies, single caucus…

Mike Gravel's 2020 presidential campaign Mike Gravel 2020 presidential campaign A concise overview of former Senator Mike Gravel's 2020 presidential bid: origins, themes, organization, timeline and its short-term impact on the Democratic primary.

Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL): History and Role in Minnesota Politics Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party Overview of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL): its 1944 merger origins, alignment with the national Democrats, organizational role, key figures, and impact on Minne…

Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign: overview, course, and aftermath Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign Profile of Mitt Romney's 2012 run for the U.S. presidency: announcement, primary contest, nomination, campaign themes, election result, and political aftermath.

Mob rule (ochlocracy): crowd power, causes, history and consequences Mob rule Mob rule, or ochlocracy, is the control of public affairs by an unruly crowd rather than lawful institutions. This article explains its features, causes, historical examples, risks…

Moderate (political position) Moderate A political orientation between the ideological left and right, favoring pragmatic compromise and a mix of conservative and liberal policies across issues.

Moral Code of the Builder of Communism A summary of the Soviet-era Moral Code of the Builder of Communism: its origin, content of twelve principles, role in education and party life, and its legacy in shaping socialist…

Morena (National Regeneration Movement) — Mexican political party Morena (political party) Morena is a Mexican political party formed from a social movement. Founded as a party in 2014, it rose quickly to national power with a platform of social programs, anti-corruption…

Morning in America (1984 political television commercial) Morning in America “Morning in America” is the popular name of a 1984 campaign TV commercial for Ronald Reagan that used a calm voice-over and optimistic montage to present an image of economic recov…

Motherland Party (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijani nationalist and conservative party founded in 1990, known as Ana Vətən Partiyası. Focuses on national unity, social protection for displaced Azerbaijanis and representa…

Movement for Rights and Freedoms (Bulgaria) Movement for Rights and Freedoms Bulgarian political party founded in 1990 representing mainly the Turkish minority; centrist and liberal, active in national politics and international liberal networks.

Multi-party system A political arrangement in which three or more parties regularly compete for power. Describes features, historical development, pros and cons, and examples of countries with coalit…

Pakistan Muslim League Muslim League (Pakistan) A family of centre-right political parties in Pakistan that trace their roots to the pre‑partition Muslim League; they have repeatedly split and re‑formed and played a central role…

Mutiny: collective revolt by subordinates against commanders Mutiny Mutiny is a collective uprising by subordinated personnel—often sailors or soldiers—against their commanders. This article explains definition, causes, notable historical cases, le…

NA-6 (Lower Dir-I): National Assembly constituency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa NA-6 (Lower Dir-I) NA-6 (Lower Dir-I) is a parliamentary constituency in Lower Dir District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, electing one member to Pakistan's National Assembly. Boundaries and numbers can change…

Nation-state: definition, characteristics, history and modern challenges Nation state A nation-state is a political state whose borders largely coincide with a single cultural or ethnic nation. This article explains its features, history, variations, significance, a…

National Action Party (Mexico) The National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN) is a major center-right political party in Mexico, founded in 1939. It played a key role in ending one-party rule and held…

National Alliance (Latvia) Latvian nationalist and conservative political party formed in 2011 from a merger, known for promoting Latvian language, cultural conservatism, stricter citizenship and a sceptical…

National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) National Democratic Party of Germany The National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) is a small far-right political party founded in 1964. Known for nationalist and xenophobic positions, it has faced legal scrutiny and…

National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista) National Fascist Party Italian political party founded by Benito Mussolini in 1919 that ruled Italy as a one‑party regime from 1922 to 1943, implementing fascist ideology, corporatist policies, and a par…

National Front (United Kingdom) National Front (UK) Overview of the National Front (UK), a far-right political party founded in 1967: its ideology, history, electoral record, controversies, splits and legacy in British politics.

National Labor Party (Australia, 1916–1917) National Labor Party A brief account of the short-lived National Labor Party created by Prime Minister Billy Hughes after the 1916 conscription split and its merger into the Nationalist Party in 1917.

National Liberal Party (Romania) The Partidul Național Liberal (PNL) is Romania's historical center-right party, founded in 1875. It advocates economic liberalism, pro-European policies and has been a major actor…

National Party of South Africa A political party founded in 1914 that promoted Afrikaner nationalism, governed South Africa from 1948–1994 and enacted apartheid before negotiating its end in the early 1990s.

National Popular Vote Interstate Compact An agreement among U.S. states and DC to allocate electors to the national popular vote winner, designed to guarantee the presidency to the nationwide vote leader once member state…

National Rally (Rassemblement national) National Rally French political party founded in 1972, formerly the National Front; known for nationalist, Eurosceptic and anti-immigration positions and for the leaderships of Jean‑Marie and Mar…

National Review: American conservative magazine founded in 1955 National Review National Review is a long-running American conservative news and opinion magazine, founded by William F. Buckley Jr. in 1955. It has shaped postwar conservative thought and continu…

Nationalism: Overview, Forms, History and Contemporary Issues Nationalism Nationalism is an ideology and political force focused on the interests, identity, and sovereignty of a nation. This article explains its characteristics, varieties, historical dev…

Nationalist Movement Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi, MHP) Nationalist Movement Party Turkish political party founded 1969, rooted in Turkish ultranationalism and Pan‑Turkist ideas; known for its nationalist platform, youth movement, electoral history, alliances, an…

Nationalist Party of Australia Conservative Australian party formed in 1917 by a merger of the Commonwealth Liberal Party and National Labor; governed 1917–1929 and later merged into the United Australia Party,…

Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party) Nazi Party The National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), commonly called the Nazi Party, was a far‑right German party (1920–1945) that established a totalitarian state, pursued racial…

Nazism (National Socialism): ideology, rise, policies and legacy Nazism Comprehensive overview of Nazism: origins, ideology, organization, rise to power in Germany, racial policies and crimes, wartime actions, aftermath and how it is studied and rememb…

Neo-Nazism: ideology, history, symbols, and contemporary impact Neo-Nazism Neo-Nazism is a post‑World War II phenomenon that seeks to revive or adapt elements of National Socialism. This article summarizes beliefs, history, symbols, regional variations, a…