Politics

1944 United States presidential election Presidential election held November 7, 1944, in which Franklin D. Roosevelt won a fourth term over Thomas E. Dewey amid World War II; an election with lasting constitutional and po…

1980 Republican National Convention (United States) 1980 Republican National Convention The 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit nominated Ronald Reagan for president and George H. W. Bush for vice president, shaping the ticket that won the 1980 U.S. electio…

1984 United States presidential election Incumbent Ronald Reagan defeated Walter Mondale in a historic landslide on November 6, 1984, winning 49 states. Key campaign themes included economic recovery, national defense, an…

2007 Scottish Parliament election The May 2007 devolved parliamentary election in Scotland that produced the Scottish National Party's first modern victory, a minority government under Alex Salmond, and a closely c…

2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries How Democratic voters selected their 2012 presidential nominee; an overview of the uncontested primary season that renominated incumbent President Barack Obama.

2014 Japanese general election (47th House of Representatives) 2014 Japanese general election The 47th general election for Japan’s House of Representatives, held on 14 December 2014, produced a decisive victory for the ruling Liberal Democratic Party coalition and led to S…

2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries State-by-state primaries and caucuses held Feb 1–Jun 14, 2016, to choose the Democratic Party nominee for the U.S. presidency, highlighted by the contest between Hillary Clinton an…

2016 Spanish general election (June 26, 2016) 2016 Spanish general election Early national election held on 26 June 2016 after a failed government formation in December 2015; returned a fragmented parliament and led to Mariano Rajoy's re‑election in Octobe…

2017 South Korean presidential election A snap presidential vote held on 9 May 2017 after President Park Geun‑hye's impeachment. Moon Jae‑in won a single‑round, first‑past‑the‑post contest that reshaped South Korea's pol…

2018 United States elections Midterm elections held Nov 6, 2018 during Donald Trump's presidency; Democrats won the House, Republicans kept the Senate, and Democrats made gains in state governments amid high t…

2019 Australian federal election The nationwide election held on 18 May 2019 that determined membership of Australia’s 46th Parliament and returned Scott Morrison’s Coalition to government.

2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries The series of state and territorial contests that chose the Democratic nominee for president in 2020, shaped by a large candidate field, proportional delegate rules, and disruption…

2020 Israeli legislative election (23rd Knesset) 2020 Israeli legislative election Overview of Israel's 2 March 2020 election for the 23rd Knesset: context, electoral system, main parties, inconclusive results, ensuing negotiations and the April unity agreement b…

2020 Republican Party presidential primaries Series of state and territorial contests that selected 2,550 delegates to the 2020 Republican National Convention and resulted in incumbent President Donald Trump’s renomination.

50PLUS (Netherlands) — political party for older citizens 50PLUS Dutch political party founded in 2009 representing the interests of older voters, emphasizing pensions, healthcare and age-related policy; had parliamentary seats but lost represen…

51st State: Meaning, Candidates, and Political Context 51st state The term '51st state' denotes a territory or region proposed for admission to the United States. It appears in serious legal debates and popular jokes about territories, state spli…

A Just Russia (Spravedlivaya Rossiya) A Just Russia A Just Russia is a social-democratic political party in Russia, founded in 2006. It promotes social justice and welfare policies and holds representation in the State Duma as a sys…

Abdication: relinquishing a throne or other high office Abdication Abdication is the act of giving up a sovereign or other high office. Common for monarchs and popes, it raises legal, dynastic and political issues distinct from ordinary resignatio…

Accountancy (Hong Kong Legislative Council functional constituency) Accountancy (constituency) A functional constituency in Hong Kong’s Legislative Council representing certified public accountants, created in 1988 to give the accountancy profession a dedicated seat in lawma…

Adam Kokesh's 2020 presidential campaign Adam Kokesh 2020 presidential campaign Overview of Adam Kokesh's 2020 presidential campaign: platform, timeline, the 'Nobody for President!' voluntaryist tour, filing and arrest incidents, and public reception.

Additional Member System (AMS) Additional Member System A mixed electoral method combining single-member constituencies with party list 'top-up' seats to increase proportionality while retaining local representation.

Advocacy: Public Support, Methods, Actors, and Impact Advocacy Overview of advocacy: its aims, common methods, principal actors, historical development, and role in political, economic and social decision-making.

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde PAIGC is a West African political movement founded to end Portuguese colonial rule in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde; it led liberation struggles and later became a major political p…

Afrikaner nationalism: origins, development, and legacy Afrikaner nationalism Political and cultural movement centered on Afrikaner identity, language and Calvinist tradition in South Africa; influential in 20th‑century politics and the apartheid era, now a…

Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging Far-right Afrikaner nationalist organization in South Africa, founded 1973; advocated a white Boer homeland, opposed the end of apartheid, and played a controversial paramilitary r…

Agriculture and Fisheries (functional constituency, Hong Kong) Agriculture and Fisheries (constituency) A Legislative Council functional constituency representing agricultural and fishing organisations in Hong Kong, created in 1998 to give the primary-producer sectors sectoral repres…

Shiromani Akali Dal (Akali Dal) Akali Dal Shiromani Akali Dal is a regional political party in India rooted in Sikh political history, active mainly in Punjab and known for its role in Punjab’s politics, agrarian issues, a…

Alignment (Israel) HaMa'arakh (The Alignment) was a center-left Israeli political alliance of social-democratic, labor-Zionist parties that existed in two main incarnations between the 1960s and 1991…

Aliyah Bet (Ha'apala): Clandestine Jewish Immigration to Palestine, 1934–1948 Aliyah Bet Aliyah Bet, or Ha'apala, was the clandestine movement that brought Jews to the British Mandate of Palestine between 1934 and 1948, using ships, overland routes and organized rescue…

All For Latvia! — Latvian national conservative party (Visu Latvijai!) All For Latvia! All For Latvia! (Visu Latvijai!) was a national-conservative political party in Latvia, founded from a youth movement in 2000, active on citizenship and national identity issues, a…

All Pakistan Muslim League Political party in Pakistan founded by Pervez Musharraf in 2010; registered with the Election Commission. Overview, history, leadership, ideology, and its place among Pakistani par…

All-party parliamentary group (APPG) All-party parliamentary group An APPG is an informal cross-party group of parliamentarians that studies issues, holds meetings, and promotes discussion. It is not a formal committee and may include members from…

Alliance (political and military agreements) Alliance An alliance is a formal agreement between two or more parties to cooperate for mutual benefit. Used widely in military, diplomatic, economic and regional contexts, alliances shape…

Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) Alliance for the Future of Austria A centre-right to right-wing Austrian political party founded as a split from the FPÖ; associated with Jörg Haider and known in German as Bündnis Zukunft Österreich (BZÖ).

Alliance Party of Northern Ireland A centrist, non‑sectarian political party in Northern Ireland founded in 1970, officially neutral on the constitutional question and active in the Assembly, local government and UK…

Allotment (Sortition): Random Selection for Public and Private Roles Allotment Allotment, or sortition, is selection by lot. This article explains how it works, its historical roots in ancient Athens, modern uses, advantages and limitations, and how it differ…

Alt-right: origins, beliefs, influence, and controversies Alt-right Overview of the alt-right: its composition, online origins, influence on politics, key events, and how the movement has evolved and fractured since the mid-2010s.

Alternative for Germany (AfD) Alternative for Germany A German right-wing to far-right political party founded in 2013, known for euroscepticism, anti-immigration stances, and rapid growth into a significant force in Bundestag and sta…

American Independent Party A minor right‑wing U.S. political party founded in California in 1967; best known for George Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign and for later shifts toward conservative and third…

Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign Overview of Senator Amy Klobuchar's 2020 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, its themes, organization, early results, controversies and aftermath.

Anarchism: principles, history and contemporary practice Anarchism Anarchism is a political and social philosophy that opposes coercive hierarchies, advocates voluntary association and mutual aid, and has diverse historical traditions and modern m…

Anarcho-capitalism Anarcho-capitalism is a political philosophy that advocates elimination of the state in favor of private property, voluntary markets, and private law enforcement and arbitration.

Anarcho-communism: principles, history, and notable examples Anarcho-communism Anarcho-communism is a stateless, non-hierarchical current of socialism advocating common ownership of production, direct democracy, voluntary association, and mutual aid instead o…

Anarcho-syndicalism: workers' organization, direct action, and self-management Anarcho-syndicalism Anarcho-syndicalism is a labor-oriented branch of anarchism advocating industrial unions, direct action, and workers' self-management as the means to abolish wage labor and state d…

Andalusian nationalism (Andalucismo) Andalusian nationalism Political and cultural movement advocating recognition of Andalusians as a distinct nation or for greater autonomy within Spain, ranging from regionalist identity to separatist asp…

Andrea Nahles German Social Democratic politician, former federal labour minister and SPD leader (2018–2019); known for her trade‑union focus, leadership roles in the Bundestag and criticism of…

Andrew Yang's 2020 Presidential Campaign — Platform, Timeline, and Legacy Andrew Yang 2020 presidential campaign A concise overview of Andrew Yang's 2020 Democratic presidential campaign, its signature policy (the $1,000 'Freedom Dividend'), organizational style, timeline, and political impac…

Anti-abortion movement (pro‑life movement) Anti-abortion movement A social and political movement opposing abortion on moral, religious, or legal grounds. Covers beliefs, history, tactics, internal diversity, and its role in law and public debate…