Politics

Anti‑Armenian sentiment (Anti‑Armenianism) Anti-Armenian sentiment Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination directed at Armenians, their culture, or the Republic of Armenia; ranges from individual bias to state-level persecution and denial.

Anti‑austerity movement Anti-austerity movement Grassroots and street-based opposition to fiscal austerity policies, especially common after the global financial crisis. Covers origins, tactics, notable cases and ongoing politic…

Anti-capitalism: movements, critiques, and alternatives Anti-capitalism Anti-capitalism covers a wide range of critiques and movements that oppose capitalist social and economic arrangements, from demands for reform to advocacy for complete systemic re…

Anti-fascism: origins, movements, and forms of opposition Anti-fascism Anti-fascism is the political and social opposition to fascist ideologies, parties and regimes. It emerged in the 1920s and has taken many forms, from electoral politics to armed r…

Anti-Federalism in the Early United States Anti-Federalism Anti-Federalism opposed the 1787 Constitution’s concentration of power. Advocates favored state sovereignty, local control and a written Bill of Rights; their pressure helped produ…

Anti‑nuclear movement in Australia Anti-nuclear movement in Australia History and overview of opposition to nuclear weapons, uranium mining, nuclear power and related activities in Australia, including major campaigns, tactics and contemporary issues…

Anti‑nuclear movement in the United States Anti-nuclear movement in the United States History, tactics, organizations, and impact of opposition to nuclear power and weapons in the United States from the 1960s to the present.

Anti-revisionism: opposition within Marxist–Leninist movements Anti-revisionism Anti-revisionism is a Marxist–Leninist tendency that rejects changes seen as watering down revolutionary principles, defending orthodox doctrine and revolutionary methods against r…

Anti-war movement Collective social movements opposing particular wars or the use of military force. Encompasses protests, civil disobedience, legal challenges, draft resistance and cultural campaig…

Antidisestablishmentarianism Political position opposing the removal of a state-established church; historically linked to British debates and noted in English as a long compound word.

Antifeminism: opposition to feminist ideas and movements Antifeminism Antifeminism denotes attitudes, movements, and arguments opposing some or all feminist aims. It ranges from historical anti‑suffrage campaigns to modern critiques, organized groups…

Apartheid: racial segregation and the system of minority rule in South Africa Apartheid Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s, structuring law, daily life, and political power und…

Apna Dal: regional political party of Uttar Pradesh Apna Dal Apna Dal is an Indian regional political party founded by Sone Lal Patel with a strong base among the Kurmi community in central Uttar Pradesh, focused on OBC representation, rural…

Appeasement: policy of concession to avoid conflict Appeasement Appeasement is a diplomatic strategy of conceding to a potentially aggressive power to prevent war. The term is most associated with British and French policy toward Germany and It…

Approval voting: method, history, advantages, and criticisms Approval voting Approval voting allows each voter to approve any number of candidates; the candidate(s) with the most approvals win. This article explains the system, history, benefits, criticisms…

Aragonese Party (Partido Aragonés) Aragonese Party Regionalist political party in Aragon, Spain, founded in 1978 as the Aragonese Regionalist Party and renamed in 1990. Advocates for Aragonese interests and local government influen…

Assassination: Definition, History, Motives, and Impact Assassination Targeted killing of a prominent person, often political. Covers definition, history, motives, legal issues, effects, and prevention measures in public life and conflict.

Australian Country Alliance Small Victorian political party founded in 2004 to represent regional and rural interests; merged with Katter's Victorian branch in 2014 and continues as a minor party in state and…

Australian Greens The Australian Greens are a progressive green political party founded in 1992, focusing on environmental protection, social justice, human rights and non-violence, represented in f…

Australian Labor Party (ALP) Australian Labor Party Major centre-left political party in Australia, founded in 1891 and closely linked to the trade union movement. Social-democratic in orientation, it has been a principal force in f…

Australian Labor Party (NSW) — Lang Labor (1931–1936) Australian Labor Party (NSW) The New South Wales breakaway of the Australian Labor Party, known as Lang Labor, split from federal Labor during the Great Depression over Jack Lang's debt-relief proposals and re…

Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) Austrian People's Party Centre-right, Christian-democratic party in Austria founded in 1945. The ÖVP has played a major role in Austrian politics, governing in multiple coalitions and producing several ch…

Awami League Major secular political party of Bangladesh, founded before independence; social-democratic orientation and led by Sheikh Hasina. Central role in the country's independence movemen…

Axis of Evil: Origins, states identified, and impact on U.S. foreign policy Axis of Evil Explore the origins of the Axis of Evil, the states named and contested, and how the label influenced U.S. foreign policy, diplomacy, and security debates since 2002.

Ba'ath Party Pan-Arab political movement combining Arab nationalism, secularism and socialism; prominent in mid‑20th century and later as ruling parties in Syria and Iraq with distinct branches…

Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party — Iraqi-dominated faction Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) Iraqi-dominated branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, a Ba'athist movement that governed Iraq from 1968 until the 2003 invasion. It combined Arab nationalism, socialism and ce…

Ba'athism: Arab nationalist and socialist movement Ba'athism Ba'athism is a modern Arab political ideology advocating Arab unity, revival and social reform; it shaped governments in Syria and Iraq and produced distinct national variants and…

Backbencher (Westminster parliamentary systems) Backbencher A backbencher is a legislator in Westminster-style parliaments who holds no ministerial or shadow-office role; they perform scrutiny, committee work, constituency representation an…

Balad: Israel's National Democratic Assembly for Arab Citizens Balad Balad (National Democratic Assembly) is an Israeli political party representing Arab citizens, founded in 1995. It advocates equality, secularism, social democracy, and Palestinian…

Ballotpedia — The Nonpartisan American Political Encyclopedia Ballotpedia Ballotpedia is a nonpartisan online encyclopedia of U.S. politics, covering federal, state, and local offices, elections, ballot measures, candidates, and public policy for voters,…

Banana republic A pejorative political term for a country whose economy relies on a single export and whose institutions are captured by a narrow elite, producing instability, inequality and forei…

Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami An Islamist political party in Bangladesh originating from the subcontinent's Jamaat movement; known for social conservatism, student networks, electoral alliances, and controversi…

Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign Overview of Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign: announcement, primary campaign, nomination, election, campaign organization, historic significance, and legacy.

Baron: history, rank, and modern use of the noble title Baron A baron is a rank of nobility found across European peerage systems. This article explains its origins, historic role in feudal society, rank among peers, modern forms and key dist…

Batasuna: Basque nationalist political movement Batasuna Batasuna was a Basque nationalist, left-wing political organization active in Spain and France; founded as Herri Batasuna in 1978, banned in Spain in 2003 and formally dissolved in…

Bavaria Party (Bayernpartei) — regionalist political party in Bavaria Bavaria Party The Bavaria Party (Bayernpartei, BP) is a German regionalist party founded in 1946 that advocates greater Bavarian autonomy or independence within a European framework and particip…

Bear in the Woods — 1984 Reagan campaign television commercial Bear in the woods Encyclopedic article on the 1984 U.S. presidential television spot known as “There is a bear in the woods,” its production, symbolism, reception and legacy.

Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign Overview of Ben Carson’s 2016 bid for the Republican presidential nomination: announcement, platform themes, rise in polls, campaign organization, controversies, suspension and aft…

Bengali nationalism: identity, history, and political expression Bengali nationalism Bengali nationalism describes the cultural and political movement asserting the identity and rights of Bengali-speaking people across the Bengal region, now divided between Banglad…

Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign was a high-profile Democratic primary challenge centered on progressive economic reforms, small‑donor grassroots organizing, and strong a…

Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign Summary of Senator Bernie Sanders' 2020 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination: announcement, platform, campaign operations, key events, suspension, endorsements and l…

Beto O'Rourke's 2020 presidential campaign Beto O'Rourke 2020 presidential campaign An overview of Beto O'Rourke's 2020 presidential bid: origins from his 2018 Senate run, policy priorities, campaign trajectory, key events, and its conclusion on November 1, 2019.

Bharatiya Janata Party: History, ideology and role in Indian politics Bharatiya Janata Party Major Indian political party founded in 1980, associated with Hindu nationalist ideology and centre-right economic policies; has led national governments and remains a dominant for…

Bill Weld's 2020 presidential campaign: a moderate Republican challenge Bill Weld 2020 presidential campaign Overview of former Massachusetts governor Bill Weld's 2020 Republican primary challenge to Donald Trump, including background, timeline, positions, outcome and significance.

Black Power: origins, ideas, and legacy of a movement Black Power Black Power is a political slogan and set of movements centered on racial dignity, self-determination, community control, and cultural pride in the African American context.

Bloc Québécois A federal Canadian political party that represents Quebec interests and advocates Quebec sovereignty; founded after the Meech Lake Accord's collapse and active in House of Commons…

Blue and White (Kaḥol Lavan) — Israeli centrist political alliance Blue and White (political alliance) Blue and White (Kaḥol Lavan) is an Israeli centrist and liberal electoral alliance formed in 2019 to contest national elections; it grouped military and civilian figures and served…

Blue Tory (Canada) Blue Tory Informal label for a strand of Canadian conservatism favoring free markets, fiscal restraint and often traditional social views; contrasted with Red Tory communitarianism.