Medicine

Gene therapy: principles, methods, applications, and risks Gene therapy Comprehensive overview of gene therapy: goals, delivery methods (viral and nonviral), clinical uses, notable examples, risks, regulation, ethical issues, and current research direc…

Generic drug A generic drug contains the same active ingredient as a previously marketed branded medicine. This article explains composition, regulation, history, uses, and how generics differ…

Genetic counselling: purpose, process, history and practical uses Genetic counselling Genetic counselling explains inherited risks, testing options and management for individuals and families. It combines genetic risk assessment, education and psychosocial support t…

Genetic disorder: causes, types, inheritance, examples and testing Genetic disorder Overview of genetic disorders: what they are, how they arise and are inherited, main categories, notable examples, and approaches to diagnosis, screening, and management.

Genetic screening: purpose, methods, uses, and ethical considerations Genetic screening Overview of genetic screening and testing: what they are, major methods and applications (prenatal, newborn, carrier, predictive), history, and ethical, legal and social issues.

The George Washington University Hospital George Washington University Hospital Major academic medical center in Washington, D.C., affiliated with the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences; a teaching, research and acute-care hosp…

Germicidal lamp — ultraviolet devices for disinfection and their uses Germicidal lamp Overview of germicidal lamps: how ultraviolet radiation inactivates microbes, lamp types, history, applications (water, air, surfaces), safety considerations, and differences like…

Gingivitis: causes, signs, prevention and treatment Gingivitis Gingivitis is gum inflammation usually caused by plaque buildup. This reversible early stage of periodontal disease produces bleeding, swelling and bad breath; proper care and prof…

Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) Glandular fever Glandular fever, or infectious mononucleosis, is a common viral illness caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). It typically causes fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes and prolonge…

Glans penis: anatomy, function, development, and clinical notes Glans penis The glans penis is the sensitive, rounded tip of the penis. This article explains its anatomy, embryology, role in sexual function, common variations, and clinical conditions in cl…

Glaucoma: causes, types, diagnosis and treatment Glaucoma Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often linked to raised intraocular pressure. Early detection and pressure-lowering treatments can slow progressio…

Glioblastoma multiforme: overview, pathology, diagnosis, and management Glioblastoma multiforme Aggressive WHO grade IV primary brain tumor marked by rapid growth, infiltration, and necrosis. Covers symptoms, imaging and histology, molecular markers, treatment options, progno…

Glioma: types, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis Glioma Glioma is a brain tumor arising from glial cells. This article explains types, grading, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, molecular markers, prognosis, and current research directio…

Glucocorticoid: physiology, actions, and clinical significance Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids are adrenal steroid hormones that regulate metabolism, immune responses, and fetal maturation; they are central to stress adaptation and are widely used therapeutic…

Goitre (thyroid enlargement) Goitre Enlargement of the thyroid gland causing a visible neck swelling; causes include iodine deficiency, autoimmune disease, nodules, or tumours. Diagnosis, types, and treatments range…

Gonorrhea — infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonorrhea Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It often causes urogenital symptoms, can be asymptomatic, and requires prompt diagno…

Gout: causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention Gout Gout is an inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid crystal deposition. This article explains causes, presentation, diagnosis, acute and chronic management, prevention, and impor…

Graves' disease — autoimmune hyperthyroidism Graves' disease An autoimmune disorder in which antibodies stimulate the thyroid to overproduce hormones, causing hyperthyroidism with characteristic eye and skin findings; managed medically, with…

Gray's Anatomy: Classic English-language human anatomy reference Gray's Anatomy Comprehensive overview of Henry Gray's Anatomy: its origin, illustrations, structure, uses in medical education and clinical practice, and how it evolved into a long-running anatom…

Gray's Anatomy for Students A widely used, student-focused anatomy textbook first published in 2004, known for clear writing, full-color illustrations, clinical correlations, and alignment with medical curric…

Groin (inguinal region): anatomy, function, and common conditions Groin The groin is the junction where the thigh meets the trunk. This article explains its anatomy, common injuries (strains, hernias), clinical importance, and basic prevention and trea…

Guillain–Barré syndrome: acute immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy Guillain–Barré syndrome Acute immune-mediated disorder causing rapidly progressive, often ascending, weakness and sensory changes. Rare but the leading cause of acute non‑traumatic paralysis; treated with…

Gums (Gingiva): Structure, Function, and Common Conditions Gums Gums, or gingiva, are the oral mucosal tissues that surround and seal teeth. This article outlines their anatomy, roles, common diseases, prevention and clinical significance.

Gynecology: Medical care of the female reproductive system Gynecology Gynecology is the medical specialty focused on the health of the female reproductive system and breasts, covering anatomy, common conditions, diagnostics, treatments, history, trai…

Hadassah Medical Center Major teaching hospital in Jerusalem with Ein Kerem and Mount Scopus campuses; affiliated with the Hebrew University. Founded in 1919, it is a national referral center for care, re…

Haemophilia: inherited bleeding disorders, causes, symptoms, and treatments Haemophilia Haemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of clotting factors, producing prolonged bleeding. This article explains types, inheritance, symptoms, diagnosis,…

Hallux valgus (bunion): causes, symptoms, and management Hallux valgus Hallux valgus, commonly called a bunion, is a deformity of the big toe joint causing a bony prominence, pain, and toe angulation; managed with footwear changes, orthotics, medicati…

Haloperidol (Haldol): uses, mechanism, formulations, and safety Haloperidol Haloperidol is a high‑potency, first‑generation antipsychotic used for schizophrenia, acute psychosis, bipolar mania and Tourette syndrome. It blocks dopamine D2 receptors and can…

Hammer toe (toe deformity) Hammer toe Hammer toe is a deformity of the toe causing a permanent bend at the proximal interphalangeal joint. It ranges from flexible to rigid and is linked to footwear, trauma, neuromuscul…

Hand washing: purpose, technique, history and public-health importance Hand washing Hand washing is the routine of cleaning hands with water and soap or sanitizer to remove dirt, germs and toxins. This article explains methods, when and why to wash, historical con…

Handjob: manual sexual stimulation of the penis Handjob An encyclopedic overview of the handjob — manual stimulation of the penis. Covers definitions, technique in general terms, anatomy, safety, consent, cultural context, and distincti…

Hard and soft drugs: meanings, differences, risks, and policy Hard and soft drugs Overview of the informal classification between hard and soft drugs, their characteristics, examples, health risks, legal and social implications, and approaches to harm reduction.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) Hashimoto's thyroiditis An autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid that often progresses to hypothyroidism; overview of causes, features, diagnosis, management and historical background.

Head: structure, functions, meanings, and common uses Head Overview of the head as an anatomical region, its parts and functions, common conditions, cultural uses and idioms, and secondary meanings of the word in language and everyday life…

Head and neck cancer: causes, types, diagnosis and treatment Head and neck cancer An accessible overview of head and neck cancers: common sites, pathology, risk factors, signs, diagnostic approaches, therapies, prevention and important distinctions.

Headache — causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment Headache Comprehensive overview of headaches: what they are, common causes and triggers, major types, diagnosis, treatment options, prevention, and when to seek urgent care.

Health: concepts, dimensions, determinants and promotion Health Comprehensive overview of health: definitions, physical, mental and social dimensions, determinants, measurement, history of the modern definition, prevention and public health imp…

Health care: systems, services, and rights Health care Overview of health care: definitions, levels and providers, financing models, history, human-rights context, common challenges and recent innovations in service delivery and preven…

Healthy lifestyle An overview of healthy lifestyle principles: core components, history, practical examples and distinctions to help maintain physical, mental, and social well‑being.

Hearing test: types, purpose, and what to expect Hearing test A hearing test evaluates how well a person detects and understands sound. This article explains common test types, who performs them, differences for children, and how results guid…

Heart cancer (cardiac tumors) Heart cancer Overview of heart cancer: primary and metastatic cardiac tumors, common types (myxoma, angiosarcoma), clinical features, diagnosis, treatment options, prognosis, and notable distin…

Heart disease: overview, types, causes, diagnosis and treatment Heart disease Comprehensive overview of heart disease: definitions, major types (congenital and acquired), common conditions, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, prevention and public healt…

Heart failure: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment Heart failure Overview of heart failure: what it is, common causes and symptoms, how it is diagnosed, and standard treatments including medicines, devices and lifestyle care.

Heart rate: definition, measurement, influences and clinical importance Heart rate Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm). This article explains how it is measured, typical ranges, factors that change it, clinical meanings, history and practical…

Heart transplant Surgical replacement of a failing heart with a donor organ. Explains indications, procedure, immunosuppression, risks, history, recovery, and alternatives including mechanical supp…

Heart–lung transplant Heart-lung transplant Surgical replacement of both heart and lungs with donor organs, used for severe combined cardiopulmonary failure. Procedure, indications, outcomes, risks, alternatives, and why it…

Heartburn (acid reflux): causes, symptoms, and treatment Heartburn Heartburn is a burning chest sensation from stomach acid rising into the esophagus. This article explains causes, typical symptoms, treatments, prevention, and when to seek medical…

Hematology: Medical Study of Blood, Its Disorders, and Care Hematology Hematology is the medical field concerned with blood, blood-forming organs, and related disorders, including diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of clotting problems and blood c…