Science

Academic journal Scholarly periodicals that publish research, reviews and commentary across disciplines; they organize communication, quality control, and archival records for academic work.

Accuracy and precision Overview of accuracy and precision in measurement: definitions, differences, causes of error, ways to improve, and their importance in science, engineering and industry.

Adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil): anatomy, function, and clinical significance Adenoid Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the nasal cavity. This article covers their anatomy, role in immunity, common childhood problems, diagnosis, and treatment including ade…

Advanced Light Source — synchrotron facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Advanced Light Source Overview of the Advanced Light Source (ALS), a synchrotron-based national user facility producing intense ultraviolet and soft x‑ray beams for scientific and technological research…

American Museum of Natural History Major New York City museum of science and culture, known for vast collections, research programs, public exhibitions and education initiatives.

Analog Science Fiction and Fact Long-running American science fiction magazine known for rigorous, science-minded fiction and nonfiction; influential in shaping mid-20th century SF and launching many major author…

Angstrom (Å) — unit of length for atomic, molecular, and optical scales Angstrom The ångström (Å) is a non-SI unit of length equal to 1×10−10 metre (0.1 nm), commonly used to express atomic sizes, bond lengths and wavelengths in spectroscopy and crystallography…

APA Style: A Guide to Format, Citations, and Manuscript Conventions APA style Overview of APA style — its principles, citation and reference formats, manuscript structure, history, uses in the social sciences, and distinctions from other academic styles.

Applied Science: Principles, Practice, and Impact Applied science Applied science uses scientific knowledge to develop practical tools, processes, and solutions across engineering, medicine, computing, agriculture, and social fields.

Arachnology: the scientific study of arachnids Arachnology Arachnology is the branch of zoology that studies arachnids—their anatomy, behavior, ecology, classification, and importance to people and ecosystems.

Atomic force microscope An overview of the atomic force microscope (AFM): principles, main components, imaging modes, history, common applications and limitations in nanoscience and biology.

Attosecond (10⁻¹⁸ second): definition, generation, and applications Attosecond An attosecond is 10⁻¹⁸ seconds, a timescale used to describe electron motion. This article explains its size, how attosecond pulses are made and measured, and their applications in…

Bionics (Biomimetics): Engineering and Design Inspired by Nature Bionics Bionics, or biomimetics, studies biological systems to inspire engineered solutions. It combines biology, materials science and engineering to create devices, materials and algorit…

Biophysics: Applying Physical Principles to Living Systems Biophysics Biophysics uses methods and concepts from physics to analyze biological structures and processes, from molecules to cells and organisms, linking theory, measurement, and technology…

Bloomfield Science Museum, Jerusalem Bloomfield Science Museum Interactive children's science museum in Givat Ram, Jerusalem, founded in 1992. Offers hands-on exhibits, rotating exhibitions, school programs and public events to promote STEM le…

Brookhaven National Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory on Long Island conducting physics, materials, energy and bioscience research and operating large accelerator and light-source faciliti…

Centimetre (centimeter) — unit of length Centimetre The centimetre (cm) is one hundredth of a metre and a common metric unit for everyday and scientific measurement. It sits between the millimetre and the metre and was central to th…

Chemical Biology: Chemistry Applied to Living Systems Chemical biology Chemical biology applies chemical techniques and synthetic molecules to study, probe, and manipulate biological systems, creating tools for imaging, functional analysis, and therap…

Citizen science: public participation in scientific research Citizen science Citizen science engages volunteers in data collection, analysis, and problem-solving across many fields. This article explains types, history, common tasks, technologies, benefits,…

Cloud chamber (Wilson chamber) Cloud chamber A cloud chamber is a simple particle detector that makes ionizing radiation visible by producing condensation trails in a supersaturated vapor, used historically and for education.

Cognitive science: interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence Cognitive science Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mental processes—perception, memory, language, reasoning—and how they arise in brains and machines.

Computer science: principles, areas, history and applications Computer science An accessible overview of computer science: its core ideas, main subfields, history, practical uses, and connections to mathematics, science and logic.

Confidence interval A confidence interval quantifies uncertainty in an estimate by giving a range of plausible values for an unknown parameter together with a confidence level.

Cryonics: low-temperature preservation of human bodies and brains Cryonics Cryonics is the low-temperature preservation of legally dead people by vitrification, intended to preserve brain structure for possible future resuscitation; it remains experimenta…

Curie (unit) A non‑SI unit of radioactive activity equal to 3.7×10^10 decays per second, historically linked to radium and the Curies; largely superseded by the becquerel but still used in some…

Current Overview of 'current' as flow or the present: meanings in electricity, fluids, atmosphere, time and technical contexts; origins, measurement, examples, and key distinctions.

Data science: definition, methods, history, and applications Data science An introduction to data science: what it is, core methods, typical workflow, historical roots, roles and common applications across industries.

Diffuse axonal injury Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is brain damage caused by shearing forces that disrupt axons across wide areas, often producing coma and long-term disability; diagnosis and treatment f…

Digital forensics: principles, methods, and applications Digital forensics Digital forensics examines electronic devices and data to recover and interpret evidence for criminal, civil, and security incidents, covering methods, tools, legal issues, and com…

Dilton Doiley (Archie Comics character) Dilton Doiley Dilton Doiley is the bespectacled young inventor of Archie Comics, known for scientific curiosity, gadgetry that backfires, and his role as Riverdale High's brightest student.

Dinosaur Renaissance: rebirth of modern dinosaur science Dinosaur renaissance The Dinosaur Renaissance refers to the shift in paleontology since the 1970s that transformed dinosaurs from sluggish reptiles to active, often birdlike animals, driven by new foss…

Discovery An overview of discovery as a human activity: its meanings, types, processes, historical role, examples, and ethical or legal issues related to finding new knowledge or things.

Discovery (observation) Discovery (observation) is the act of detecting previously unknown phenomena or facts. It underpins scientific progress, can be accidental or planned, and is distinct from inventio…

Discrete (concept) Discrete Pertaining to separate, countable, or distinct elements rather than a smooth continuum; used across mathematics, computing, engineering, statistics, and physics.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): overview, structure, history, and uses Doctor of Philosophy The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, DPhil) is a research doctorate awarded by universities after advanced study and an original contribution to knowledge. This article explains its stru…

Doctor of Science (DSc / ScD) Doctor of Science An advanced academic degree in scientific fields that can be a research doctorate, an earned higher doctorate based on a body of work, or an honorary title; usage varies by country…

Dosimeter: Instruments for Measuring Exposure to Physical Hazards Dosimeter A dosimeter is an instrument that quantifies a person’s or location’s cumulative exposure to physical hazards such as ionizing radiation or sound. This article explains types, comp…

Draize test (eye and skin irritation assay) Draize test An overview of the Draize test: origins, how it is performed on animals, ethical and scientific controversies, regulatory trends, and available non-animal alternatives.

Drizzle: Characteristics, Formation, and Impacts Drizzle Drizzle is a form of light rain composed of very small liquid droplets (about 0.5 mm or less). This article explains its formation, how it differs from rain and mist, observation,…

Dry suit (diving garment) Dry suit A dry suit is an insulated, sealed diving garment that keeps the wearer dry in cold water. It differs from a wetsuit by preventing water contact and is used in cold-water diving, r…

Ductility (material property) Ductility Ductility is a material's ability to sustain permanent tensile deformation without fracture, a key property in forming, wiring and structural safety influenced by microstructure, t…

Electron crystallography: principles, history, and applications Electron crystallography Electron crystallography determines atomic arrangements in solids and biological assemblies using transmission electron microscopes; it complements X-ray methods and excels with th…

ELISPOT assay: principle, variants, applications and limitations ELISPOT ELISPOT (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot) is a highly sensitive lab method that detects and counts individual cells secreting specific proteins (cytokines, antibodies). Used in immunology…

Eureka effect (Aha! moment): insight in problem solving Eureka effect The Eureka or Aha! effect describes the sudden, often pleasurable experience of understanding or solving a problem after a period of impasse; studied in psychology, creativity rese…

Fantastic — American Science Fiction and Fantasy Magazine Fantastic Science Fiction Digest-size magazine published 1952–1980, known for fantasy and science fiction fiction, influential editors, a controversial reprint era, and early exposure for writers like Zelaz…

Female ejaculation Overview of female ejaculation including physiology hypotheses, history, research, terminology, and distinctions from urinary incontinence.

Field research: methods, history, and applications Field research Field research studies people, animals, and phenomena in their natural settings. This article outlines common methods, history, uses, strengths, limitations, and practical guidance…

Fluorescence microscope: principles, components, and applications Fluorescence microscope Overview of fluorescence microscopy: optical principles, main components, fluorophores, imaging modes (epifluorescence, confocal, TIRF, light-sheet), applications, limits and pract…