Science

Forecasting: Methods, Uses, and Limitations Forecasting Overview of forecasting: definition, common methods, applications (weather, economy, demand), how uncertainty is handled, evaluation practices, history and practical considerations…

Forensic science: methods, history, and role in the justice system Forensic science Forensic science applies laboratory and field sciences to analyze physical evidence for legal questions. This article describes major disciplines, procedures, limits, history, and…

Freediving (Apnea): Breath-hold diving, disciplines, techniques and safety Freediving Freediving—also called apnea—is underwater diving on a single breath. This article explains its forms, physiology, history, equipment, safety concerns and common uses, from recreat…

Geiger counter A Geiger counter is an instrument that detects and counts ionizing radiation using a Geiger–Müller tube, commonly used for radiation surveys, monitoring, and safety checks.

Genes, Brain and Behavior — journal on neurogenetics and psychiatric genetics Genes, Brain and Behavior Overview of the peer-reviewed journal Genes, Brain and Behavior: scope, topics, history, article types, audience and its role as the official journal of the International Behaviour…

Genetic: meanings, contexts, history and applications Genetic Overview of the adjective 'genetic' across biology, linguistics and computing, its origins, examples of use, and distinctions between related senses.

Hard science Hard science refers to fields that rely on empirical measurement, controlled experiments and mathematical models to produce reproducible, widely shared knowledge and testable theor…

Hexactinellid (glass sponge) Hexactinellid Hexactinellids, or glass sponges, are mostly deep‑sea sponges with skeletons of four‑ and six‑rayed silica spicules. They form delicate lattices, have syncytial tissues, and influe…

Human Connectome Project A large-scale U.S. research initiative to map human brain connectivity using advanced MRI and open data sharing, launched with NIH support to produce high-quality imaging and conne…

Hypothesis A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or proposition intended to be tested. In science it must be clear, testable and falsifiable; hypotheses also appear in everyday reasoning, l…

International System of Units (SI): overview, base units, and uses International System of Units The International System of Units (SI) is the modern metric standard of measurement. This article explains its seven base units, derived units, history, global adoption, and everyd…

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a NASA center in Pasadena managed by Caltech, specializing in robotic spacecraft, planetary exploration, Earth science instruments and mission op…

Kessler Syndrome: orbital debris cascade and its consequences Kessler Syndrome A cascading collision scenario in Earth orbit where debris generates more debris, threatening satellites and future space operations; proposed by Donald J. Kessler in 1978.

Knowledge: definition, types, history, and methods Knowledge A clear overview of knowledge: what it is, major types, philosophical study (epistemology), how evidence and justification work, the role of science, and practical distinctions.

Laboratory — scientific workplace and its forms Laboratory An overview of laboratories: definition, common components, types, safety and management. Covers academic, clinical, industrial, photographic, computer and clandestine labs and the…

Laboratory equipment: instruments, types, uses, and maintenance Laboratory equipment Concise guide to laboratory equipment: common instruments, categories, historical context, typical uses, and basic safety and maintenance for educational, research, and industrial…

Light Microscope: Principles, Components, History, and Uses Light microscope An introduction to the light microscope: how it works, main parts and optics, historical development, common types and applications, and practical limitations.

Prominent Brazilian scientists and the nation's scientific landscape List of Brazilian scientists Survey of Brazilian scientists: overview, historical development, major contributors across disciplines, key institutions, and contemporary challenges and achievements in research.

List of Notable Chinese Scientists List of Chinese scientists Survey of influential scientists from China across history, with brief profiles, fields of achievement, and their lasting contributions to science and technology.

List of Egyptian scientists Survey of Egyptian scientists and scientific contributions, from ancient engineers and physicians to modern researchers, institutions, and prominent figures at home and abroad.

List of Indian scientists: overview, notable figures and fields List of Indian scientists Survey of prominent Indian scientists, their fields and institutions, historical development, major contributions, and examples across disciplines.

List of Iranian scientists and their contributions List of Iranian scientists Overview and notable figures among Iranian scientists from classical scholars to contemporary researchers, with brief biographies and the historical and cultural context of their a…

Scientists of Africa: overview, notable figures, and categorization List of scientists from Africa A concise guide to scientists from Africa: scope, historical context, notable examples across disciplines, criteria for inclusion, and how such lists are organized and used.

List of Scientists from Asia Overview and contextual list of notable scientists connected to Asia, covering historical figures, modern researchers, disciplines, and regional distinctions.

Scientists from Europe: overview and organization List of scientists from Europe A structured overview of scientists from Europe, covering classification by discipline and era, typical inclusion criteria, notable examples, and how such lists are organized and u…

List of notable scientists from North America List of scientists from North America Overview and context for scientists associated with North America, including scope, representative figures across disciplines, historical development, and notable contributions.

Scientists of Oceania: Overview, Fields, and Notable Figures List of scientists from Oceania Survey of scientists born in or working across Oceania, their main fields, historical development, notable names, and the region's scientific contributions and challenges.

Scientists from South America: overview and notable figures List of scientists from South America Survey of prominent South American scientists, their fields and achievements, historical development, and representative names by country and discipline.

Scientists from the Middle East: Notable Figures and Historical Overview List of scientists from the Middle East Survey of scientists associated with the Middle East across ancient, medieval and modern periods, highlighting major contributions in mathematics, medicine, astronomy, optics and c…

List of women linguists: scope, organization, and significance List of women linguists Overview and guidance for compiling lists of women linguists: inclusion criteria, organization by country and specialization, historical context, notable examples, and distinctions…

Locality of reference: temporal and spatial locality in computing Locality of reference Locality of reference is the tendency of programs to access the same data or nearby locations repeatedly. It underlies cache design, memory hierarchies, and many performance optimi…

Macroscopic: definition, characteristics, and applications Macroscopic Macroscopic describes objects, properties, or perspectives large enough to be observed and measured without microscopes; it contrasts with microscopic scales and underpins classica…

Materials science Study of materials' structure, properties, processing and performance, and how they are designed and used across engineering, electronics, energy and medicine.

Metric system A decimal, coherent system of measurement that originated in France and evolved into the International System of Units (SI); used worldwide in science, industry and commerce.

Microscope: principles, types, history and common uses Microscope Comprehensive overview of microscopes: how they magnify, main designs and components, historical development, typical applications in science and medicine, and practical limitation…

Nanometre: definition, scale, history, uses and examples Nanometre The nanometre (nm) equals 10⁻⁹ metres. This article explains its definition, relative scale, common applications in optics, biology and technology, historical names and practical e…

National Museum of Brazil Historic national museum in Rio de Janeiro, founded in 1818; housed major natural history, anthropology and cultural collections. Severely damaged by a 2018 fire; ongoing recovery,…

National Science Foundation (NSF) National Science Foundation US federal agency that supports fundamental non-medical science and engineering research, education, major facilities, and STEM workforce development through grants, awards and ove…

Natural Language Processing (NLP) Natural language processing The study and engineering of methods that enable computers to interpret, generate, and analyze human language, drawing on linguistics, statistics, and machine learning.

New Scientist New Scientist is a weekly popular science magazine founded in 1956 that reports on developments across science and technology for a broad general audience.

Object (computer science) In object-oriented programming, an object is a runtime entity that bundles state (attributes) and behavior (methods). This article explains its structure, lifecycle, examples, and…

Objectivity in Science: Principles, Practices, and Limits Objectivity (science) Objectivity in science refers to processes and practices that minimize personal bias so results can be tested, shared, and evaluated independently. This article explains its featur…

Paper size Standardized sets of paper dimensions used worldwide (A, B, C series, and North American formats). Covers characteristics, history, common uses and matching envelope sizes.

Particle Size: Definitions, Measurement, Distributions and Practical Uses Particle size Particle size: meaning, common metrics (equivalent diameters, D10/D50/D90), measurement methods, size distributions, standards and applications in geology, industry, environment an…

Particulates: aerosols, smoke and suspended particles Particulate Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas. Covers types, sizes, sources, health and climate effects, measurement, and approaches to control.

Peer review: process, models, history, and role in scholarly publishing Peer review Peer review is the practice of evaluation by subject experts to assess quality, accuracy, and relevance before work is disseminated. It underpins academic publishing, clinical prac…

Popular science Popular science explains scientific ideas and discoveries for general audiences: its forms, history, aims, differences from journalism and fiction, and notable popularizers.

Pseudoscience: definition, features, history, examples and distinctions Pseudoscience Overview of pseudoscience: what it is, common characteristics, historical development, examples, why it persists, and how it differs from science and religion.