Politics

Common Sense (pamphlet) Common Sense is a 1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued for American independence, attacked monarchy, and helped shift colonial public opinion toward the Declaration of Indepen…

Commonwealth Chair-in-Office The Commonwealth Chair-in-Office is the temporary political chair held by the leader who hosted the most recent CHOGM, responsible for representing and guiding the Commonwealth bet…

Commonwealth Liberal Party (Australia, 1909–1917) Commonwealth Liberal Party A centrist-conservative fusion of non-Labor parties formed in 1909 in Australia; led by Alfred Deakin and Joseph Cook, it merged with National Labor in 1917 to form the Nationalist…

Communism: theory, history, and political practice Communism Overview of communism: its aims, core ideas about class and ownership, historical development, major thinkers and state implementations, variants, and key distinctions from capital…

Communist Party of China The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China. This article summarizes its origins, structure, ideology, history and co…

Communist Party of Cuba The Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) is the Marxist–Leninist ruling party of Cuba, constitutionally designated as the leading force of society and the state; it directs government, po…

Communist Party of Greece (KKE): History, ideology and political role Communist Party of Greece Overview of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE): Marxist–Leninist origins from 1918, its role in WWII resistance and the civil war, decades of proscription, 1974 legalisation and i…

Communist Party of India (CPI) Communist Party of India The Communist Party of India (CPI) is a national political party founded in 1925 that advocates Marxist–Leninist principles, trade-union and peasant organizing, and participation i…

Communist Party of India (Marxist) Indian political party formed in 1964 after a split from the CPI; rooted in Marxism-Leninism and prominent in states such as Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura with strong trade-union…

Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) Communist Party of the Russian Federation The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Russia, founded in 1993 as the principal successor to the Soviet-era Communist Party a…

Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the single ruling party of the USSR from the Bolshevik Revolution to the state's collapse; it organized government, economy, and…

Communist Party of Vietnam The ruling Marxist–Leninist party of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, founded in 1930; central to the country’s political system, ideology, organization and modern governance.

Communist Party USA: origins, ideology, history and influence Communist Party USA A concise overview of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA): its founding, Marxist orientation, major activities, legal challenges, electoral role, and historical influence in American l…

Composition of Regional Parliaments in Russia Composition of the Russian Regional Parliaments An overview of the structure, membership, functions and variation among Russia's regional parliaments, with typical characteristics and notable examples.

Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Compromise of 1877 An unwritten agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, withdrew federal troops from the South, and marked the effective end of Reconstruction with lasti…

Compulsory voting A system that requires eligible citizens to register and participate in elections. Laws vary by country in scope, enforcement, exemptions, and penalties and are debated for turnout…

Congress (political assembly) Congress A congress is a formal meeting of representatives or a national legislature. This article explains its forms, functions, history, and how it differs from other assemblies.

Congressional caucus A congressional caucus is a group of U.S. lawmakers who organize around shared policy goals, identities, or regional interests to coordinate legislation, oversight, and outreach wi…

Congressional district A congressional district is a geographic electoral area that elects a representative to a national legislature. Districts vary by country, size, method of election and rules for dr…

Conservatism (political philosophy) Conservatism Conservatism is a political tradition that emphasizes continuity, institutions, and gradual change. It covers diverse movements that prioritize tradition, order, property, and comm…

Conservative Democrats in U.S. Politics — Ideology, History, and Electoral Role Conservative Democrat Examine conservative Democrats in U.S. politics: their ideology, history, influence on elections and congressional coalitions, regional variations, and debates over party identity…

Conservative liberalism A centre-right strand of liberal thought combining support for markets and individual rights with cautious social policies and institutional stability; often seen in European liber…

Conservative Party (Empire of Brazil) Major political grouping of Brazil’s imperial era (c.1836–1889), formed from Restoration factions; defended monarchy, centralized authority, and landed interests; rival of the Libe…

Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative and Unionist Party, commonly the Conservative or Tory Party, is a major centre-right political party in the United Kingdom with roots in the historical Tory moveme…

Conservative Party of Canada Federal centre-right political party in Canada, formed from a 2003 merger; major roles in national politics, governance, and opposition with notable leaders including Stephen Harpe…

Conservative Party of New York State A New York State political party founded in 1962 that promotes fiscal and social conservatism and exerts influence through cross-endorsement and fusion voting.

Conservatives in the United States Overview of political conservatism in the U.S.: beliefs, history, internal varieties, and its role in American politics and society.

Constituency (electoral district) Constituency A constituency is a body of voters or a geographic district that elects one or more representatives. This article explains types, boundaries, electoral systems, history, and exampl…

Constituency PK-1 (Chitral-I): provincial electoral district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Constituency PK-1 (Chitral-I) PK-1 (Chitral-I), formerly PK-89, is a provincial assembly constituency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, covering parts of Chitral district with distinct geographic, cultural and e…

Constituency PK-90 (Chitral-II) Provincial assembly constituency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa representing part of Chitral District; elects one member to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly and plays a role in regional gove…

Constituency PK-94 (Lower Dir‑I) — Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial seat Constituency PK-94 (Lower Dir-I) PK-94 (Lower Dir‑I) is a provincial assembly constituency in Lower Dir district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Overview, boundaries, electoral system, history, issues and role of i…

Constituency PK-97 (Lower Dir-IV) Electoral constituency for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly covering parts of Lower Dir district. Defines local representation, electoral history, delimitation context, and key loca…

Constituent (meaning and uses) Constituent A constituent is an element or member that forms part of a larger whole. The term appears in politics (an elector), linguistics (a phrase unit), chemistry and materials (component…

Constitution Party Political party name used worldwide for groups that emphasize adherence to a written constitution, rule of law, and limits on government; includes a minor U.S. party founded in 199…

Constitution Party (United States) A U.S. political party founded as the U.S. Taxpayers' Party, advocating strict constitutionalism, social conservatism, Christian-influenced policies, and paleoconservative national…

Constitutional convention A constitutional convention is an assembly or process for drafting or revising a constitution or constitutional rules. It may be a formal constituent body, a mode of amendment, or…

Constitutional convention (political meeting) A constitutional convention is a formal gathering to draft, revise, or replace a constitution. It can be general, unlimited or limited in scope and plays a central role in constitu…

Constitutional Union Party (United States, 1860) Constitutional Union Party Short-lived centrist American party in 1860 that sought to preserve the Union and the Constitution by uniting former Whigs, Know-Nothings and moderate Southerners; ran the Bell–Eve…

Constitutionalism: Principles, Development, and Forms of Government Constitutionalism Constitutionalism is the political idea and practice that government should be limited by a constitution to protect liberty, prevent arbitrary power, and ensure laws and officials…

Containment (Cold War policy) Containment Containment was the U.S. strategy to limit Soviet and communist expansion during the Cold War through political, economic, and military measures, including the Truman Doctrine and…

Contras (Nicaraguan rebel groups) Contras Anti-Sandinista rebel forces active in Nicaragua from 1979 to the early 1990s, known for insurgent campaigns, U.S. backing, and the Iran–Contra scandal that revealed covert funding…

Controversy: Causes, Forms, History and Resolution Controversy A controversy is a sustained public dispute or debate with competing viewpoints. This article explains causes, common forms, historical context, examples, and approaches to managin…

Convention People's Party (Ghana) Convention People's Party Ghanaian political party founded by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949; led Ghana to independence, promoted socialist and Pan‑African ideas, and remains an active political organization today.

Corbynmania: grassroots enthusiasm around Jeremy Corbyn Corbynmania Corbynmania refers to the surge of popular enthusiasm surrounding Jeremy Corbyn’s 2015 Labour leadership, notable for mass rallies, a youth membership boom, a chant and wider cultu…

Cornish National Party A social democratic party advocating Cornish self-determination and greater political recognition of Cornwall within the UK, placing emphasis on culture, local economy and public s…

Cornish nationalism and the movement for Cornish self-government Cornish nationalism Cornish nationalism is a cultural and political movement that seeks recognition of Cornwall’s distinct identity and greater self-government within the UK, ranging from devolution t…

Corporatism: organized interest representation in political systems Corporatism Overview of corporatism: concepts, varieties, historical development from medieval guilds to modern forms, how it differs from pluralism, practical uses and common criticisms.

Corruption: causes, forms, impacts and responses Corruption Corruption is the abuse or decay of systems—political, administrative, economic or technical—that diverts resources, power or data from their intended purpose. This article explain…