Anthropology

Hospitality: welcoming, care, and the industry of hosting Hospitality Hospitality is the practice of receiving and caring for guests, from private home customs to the global service industry of hotels, restaurants, hospices, and hostels.

Hug — social embrace: meanings, types, and cultural contexts Hug A hug is a physical embrace used worldwide to express affection, comfort, greeting, celebration, or solidarity. This article explains forms, functions, cultural differences, etique…

Hui people — Chinese Muslim ethnoreligious community Hui people The Hui are a predominantly Muslim, Chinese-speaking ethnoreligious group in China and Central Asia, recognized among China's official nationalities and notable for their diverse c…

Human (Homo sapiens): biology, behavior and global distribution Human Overview of Homo sapiens: classification, anatomy, cognition, origins, social life and global distribution. Summarizes key features, evolutionary background and notable distinction…

Human evolution: origins, traits, and major milestones Human evolution Survey of human evolution covering origins in Africa, defining biological traits, fossil and genetic evidence, major hominins, and the development of culture and technology.

Human genetics: principles, history, and applications Human genetics Overview of human genetics covering basic concepts, history, common applications in medicine and research, and social and ethical considerations.

Human migration: causes, types, history and impacts Human migration A concise, neutral overview of human migration: definitions, main causes, historical development, types (voluntary and forced), legal frameworks and social and economic effects.

Human sacrifice: practices, reasons, and historical decline Human sacrifice An overview of human sacrifice across societies: definitions, ritual forms, historical occurrences, social meanings, archaeological evidence, and its near disappearance under moder…

Human science: scope, methods, disciplines and key debates Human science Survey of human science: its scope, relation to life and social sciences, principal disciplines and methods, ethical issues, applications and ongoing debates about culture, cogniti…

Human skin colour An overview of human skin colour: biological basis, evolutionary drivers, geographic patterns, health effects, and the social meanings attached to pigmentation differences.

Human trafficking (trafficking in persons) Human trafficking Organized exploitation of people through force, fraud or coercion for forced labor, sexual exploitation or other abuses. A global crime addressed by international law, prevention a…

Humanitarianism: Principles, History, and Practical Impact Humanitarianism Humanitarianism is the commitment to relieve suffering and protect human dignity, informed by principles like impartiality and neutrality and expressed through relief, advocacy, an…

Humanity (Humankind): Biology, Culture, and Global Impact Humanity Humanity refers to Homo sapiens and the qualities, cultures, and collective impact of human beings. Covers biological traits, historical development, social organization, ethics, a…

Hunter-gatherer societies Hunter-gatherer People whose subsistence depends mainly on hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants; mobile, diverse societies that shaped human evolution and persisted into the modern era.

Hunting magic: ritual beliefs and practices linked to hunting Hunting magic Hunting magic refers to ritual actions, symbols and beliefs developed to influence hunting success in hunter-gatherer societies. It intersects with shamanism, totemism and early re…

Hurrians: ancient people of northern Mesopotamia and their cultural legacy Hurrians The Hurrians were an ancient people of northern Mesopotamia whose language, kingdoms and religious traditions influenced neighboring Bronze Age states and left the earliest known w…

Husband: definition, roles, history and cultural variation Husband A husband is a married man; the term covers legal status, social roles, historical changes, cultural and religious variations, and modern distinctions including same‑sex marriage a…

Hutu (Central African ethnic group of the African Great Lakes) Hutu Hutu are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group of the African Great Lakes, primarily in Rwanda and Burundi. This article outlines their language, culture, historical development, and moder…

Huwala (ethnic group) Huwala, also Hola or Howala, is a regional term for Sunni communities of Persian Gulf origin whose identity mixes Persian coastal roots and Arab cultural links; usage and history v…

Igbo people: history, language, culture and global diaspora Igbo people Overview of the Igbo (Ìgbò) people of southeastern Nigeria: language, society, history, culture, economy and their global diaspora.

Immigration: definition, types, history, and social impact Immigration Overview of immigration: what it is, main categories (voluntary, forced, refugee, asylum), legal processes, historical examples, causes, and social and economic effects.

Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu): Overview, Society, and Legacy Inca Empire Concise encyclopedia article on the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu): its origins, political organization, economy, culture, expansion, and the Spanish conquest, with notes on legacy and…

Incest: definition, legal and cultural perspectives, risks and responses Incest Overview of incest—sexual relations between close relatives—including definitions, cultural and legal variation, health and genetic concerns, consent and abuse issues, history, and…

Indian (term and identity) Indian Overview of the word “Indian”: its meanings, etymology, regional and legal uses, distinctions between people of India and Indigenous peoples of the Americas, and guidance on contem…

Indigenous Australians: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples Indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians—Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples—are the original inhabitants of Australia with deep cultural traditions, diverse languages, and long-continuous…

Indigenous peoples — overview, history, and contemporary issues Indigenous peoples An introduction to Indigenous peoples: who they are, terminology, historical impacts of colonization, contemporary rights and recognition, cultural diversity, and notable distincti…

Indo-Aryan languages: overview, history, and distribution Indo-Aryan languages Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages spoken mainly in South Asia and beyond; includes Sanskrit, Hindi–Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, Romani and many regional languages and dialec…

Indo-Canadians Indo-Canadians are Canadians of Indian origin or descent. This article outlines their identity, history of migration, cultural patterns, demographics, and distinctions from other g…

Infanticide: definitions, causes, history, legal responses and prevention Infanticide Infanticide is the deliberate killing of a newborn or infant. This article explains definitions and distinctions, common motives and historical contexts, legal treatment, and measu…

Interracial Interracial describes interactions, relationships, or unions between people of different racial backgrounds, including marriage, families, adoption, and cultural exchange, and its…

Inuit — Indigenous peoples of the Arctic Inuit The Inuit are Indigenous peoples of the Arctic—living across northern Canada, Greenland, Alaska and other circumpolar regions—known for marine-based subsistence, distinct languages…

Iranian Azeris (Azerbaijanis in Iran) Iranian Azeris Iranian Azeris are a Turkic-speaking people concentrated in northwestern Iran; they share language and culture with Azerbaijanis across the border and constitute one of Iran's larg…

Irish Americans: history, culture, and influence in the United States Irish Americans People in the United States who trace their ancestry to Ireland; overview of origins, immigration waves, cultural contributions, settlement patterns, and notable facts.

Irish people: history, culture, and diaspora Irish people Overview of the Irish people: origins on the island of Ireland, cultural traits, historical developments including emigration, and contemporary identity across the world.

Iroquois (Haudenosaunee): The People of the Longhouse Iroquois The Iroquois, or Haudenosaunee, are a confederation of Native American nations from the northeastern North American interior noted for their longhouse culture, clan system, Grand C…

Israelites: identity, history, and legacy of an ancient Semitic people Israelites Overview of the Israelites: origins, tribal structure, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, conquests, return from exile, and their enduring religious and cultural legacy.

Istrian Italians Italian-speaking community of the Istrian peninsula, their origins, language, culture, and historical changes from Venetian rule to modern minority status in Croatia and Slovenia.

Italian Americans Americans of Italian birth or descent: origins, waves of immigration, regional roots, population distribution, cultural contributions, and community identity in the United States.

Italian Canadians People in Canada of full or partial Italian ancestry, including immigrants from Italy and their descendants; notable for distinct neighbourhoods, cultural contributions, and multi‑…

Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA) — J‑M267 J1 (Y-DNA) Overview of Y‑chromosome haplogroup J1 (J‑M267): genetic marker, origin, distribution across the Middle East and nearby regions, subclades, historical relevance and uses in populat…

Jadoon (Gadoon) — Pashtun tribe of Pakistan and Afghanistan Jadoon The Jadoon (also Gadoon) are a Pashtun tribal grouping chiefly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Swabi, Abbottabad, Haripur) and parts of eastern Afghanistan; they have distinct subtribes, di…

Japanese (language, people, and culture) Japanese Pertains to the Japonic language spoken primarily in Japan, the nation's people and nationality, and cultural practices, arts, and products that originate in Japan.

Japanese Canadians Canadian citizens of Japanese ancestry: history of migration, early settlement, wartime removal and redress, cultural life, generational identities, and contemporary contributions.

Japonic languages: classification, features, history, and current status Japonic languages Overview of the Japonic language family of the Japanese islands, including Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages, their structure, history, writing, endangered status, and revitaliza…

Java Man (type specimen of Homo erectus) Java Man Java Man is the name given to early Homo erectus fossils found in 1891 at Trinil, Java. The remains transformed ideas about human evolution and remain the type specimen for H. erec…

Jew A Jew is a member of the Jewish people—an ethnoreligious group with shared ancestry, culture and religious traditions originating in the ancient Near East, now found worldwide.

Jodhra: A Rajput Clan of Northern Punjab Jodhra The Jodhra are a Rajput clan concentrated in northern Punjab's Attock district, notably Pindi Gheb. Traditionally linked with landholding and local leadership, they maintain allian…

John (given name and surname) John John is a common personal name of Hebrew origin used worldwide as a given name and surname, with many linguistic variants, historic bearers, and cultural usages.