Philosophy

Optimism

Ordinary language philosophy

Pacifism

Paradigm

Paradigm: frameworks in science, rhetoric, and linguistics

Paradox

Paradox: concepts, types, history and approaches to resolution

Pascal's Wager

Pascal's Wager: a pragmatic argument about belief and risk

Paulo Freire

Paulo Freire: Brazilian educator and founder of critical pedagogy

Peace

Peace: concepts, history, and how societies pursue harmony

Pessimism

Phenomenology

Phenomenology: the study of conscious experience and lived meaning

Philanthropy

Philanthropy: Purpose, Forms, History and Modern Practices

Philanthropy is voluntary action—often financial—to promote the public good. This article explains its meaning, forms, history, methods, notable examples, and contemporary debates.

Philo of Alexandria

Philo of Byzantium

Philo of Byzantium (Philo Mechanicus): Hellenistic engineer and author

Philolaus

Philolaus of Croton

Philosopher's Stone

Philosopher's Stone: alchemical concept, history and cultural legacy

Philosophy

Philosophy: scope, methods, and historical development

A concise overview of philosophy: its core questions, major branches, methods, historical shifts, practical roles, and how it differs from related disciplines.

Philosophy of language

Philosophy of mathematics

Philosophy of Mathematics: Nature, Major Views, and Significance

Philosophy of religion

Philosophy of Religion: Questions, Methods, and Key Themes

Philosophy of science

Philosophy of Science: Questions, Methods, and Historical Development

Philosophy of the World

Philosophy of the World (The Shaggs album)

Plato

Platonic

Platonic love

Platonic love: non-sexual affection and its origins

Platonic realism

Pluralism

Point of view

Point of view: perspectives in thought, language, and narrative

Polemic

Polemic: forceful argument and rhetorical controversy

Political philosophy

Political philosophy: principles, history, and public significance

Positivism

Post-postmodernism

Post-postmodernism: emerging movements after postmodernism

Postmodernism

Postmodern Thought: Cultural, Philosophical, and Artistic Perspectives

Pragmatism

Prajna

Prajna — Buddhist Wisdom and Insight

Pre-Socratic philosophy

Premise

Premise (logic and argumentation)

Principia Discordia

Principia Discordia: The Discordian Text of Chaos and Parody

Problem of evil

Prophylaxis

Prophylaxis (chess)

Prophylactic moves in chess — anticipating and preventing opponent plans

Proposition

Proverb

Proverb: concise traditional sayings of folk wisdom

Pythagoreanism

Qi

Qi (Chi, Ki): The Chinese concept of vital energy

Qualia

Qualia (philosophy of mind)

Quid pro quo

Quid pro quo: meaning, history, and uses

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Rationalism

Rationalism: reason, knowledge, and the philosophical tradition