Government

Civil defence: protection and preparedness for civilians in emergencies Civil defence Civil defence comprises plans, systems and activities to protect civilians, manage emergencies, and recover communities from armed attacks, disasters and other crises.

Civil Police (Polícia Civil) — Brazil's state investigative police Civil Police (Brazil) State-level investigative police in Brazil responsible for criminal inquiries, forensics and detective work. Each federative unit operates its own Civil Police under constitutional…

Civil service (public sector workforce) Civil service The civil service comprises government-employed officials who administer public programs, deliver services and support policy. Structures, recruitment and duties vary widely betwee…

Civil Works Administration: short-term jobs program of the New Deal Civil Works Administration Short-lived New Deal program (1933–1934) that provided emergency manual-labor jobs to millions during the Great Depression through construction and maintenance projects; overseen b…

Classes of United States Senators Explanation of the three Senate classes used to stagger six-year terms, their constitutional origin, how they function in elections and vacancies, and effects on Senate continuity…

Clay County, Alabama — overview, history, and communities Clay County, Alabama Clay County in east-central Alabama, with county seat Ashland. Rural, largely agricultural and forested; named for statesman Henry Clay. Population was 13,932 in 2010 and the count…

Clay County, Tennessee Rural county in north-central Tennessee, known for its small population, Celina seat, portions of Dale Hollow Lake, and a landscape of rolling hills and waterways in the Upper Cumb…

Co-Princes of Andorra The Co-Princes are the joint heads of state of Andorra: the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France. This medieval diarchy evolved into a modern constitutional arrangement wit…

Coat of arms of Albania The national emblem of Albania: a black double-headed eagle on a red shield, surmounted by Skanderbeg’s horned helmet. A historic symbol of Albanian identity used on state seals an…

Coat of arms of Andorra The national heraldic emblem of Andorra: a quartered shield representing its historic co-princes, bearing the motto Virtus Unita Fortior. It appears on the flag, seals, coins and o…

Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda Official heraldic emblem of Antigua and Barbuda, created in 1966, featuring a pineapple crest, rising sun, supporters, native plants and the national motto; used on state symbols a…

Coat of arms of Argentina National emblem of Argentina featuring the Sun of May, clasped hands, a pike with a Phrygian cap, laurel wreath and blue-and-white fields; rooted in the 1813 seal and standardized…

Coat of arms of Armenia The national coat of arms of Armenia features an eagle and a lion supporting a shield with Mount Ararat and Noah’s Ark. Adopted in 1992 and regulated by law in 2006, it blends anci…

Coat of arms of Australia The official symbol of the Commonwealth of Australia: a shield bearing state emblems, supported by a kangaroo and an emu, surmounted by the Commonwealth Star and surrounded by gold…

Coat of arms of Austria National emblem of Austria: a single‑headed eagle with red‑white‑red shield, mural crown, sickle, hammer and broken chains; evolved from imperial symbols and reflects republican id…

Coat of arms of Azerbaijan The national emblem of Azerbaijan centers on a golden flame within an eight‑pointed star, framed by flag colors and agricultural motifs; it blends pre‑modern symbolism with element…

Coat of arms of Bahrain The national coat of arms of Bahrain: a red shield with a white serrated chief devised in 1932, later refined; used as a state, government and royal emblem with a crowned royal var…

Coat of arms of Barbados The national coat of arms of Barbados, adopted at independence in 1966, combines local symbols — a bearded fig tree, Pride of Barbados flowers, sugarcane cross, dolphin fish and pe…

Coat of arms of Belgium The national coat of arms of Belgium centers on a heraldic lion known as the Leo Belgicus, with crown, motto and supporters. It appears in state and royal emblems and reflects nati…

Coat of arms of Belize National emblem of Belize featuring a mahogany tree, tools, and two supporters; adopted at independence and used on the flag and official seals to represent natural resources, labo…

Coat of arms of Benin Official heraldic emblem of Benin: a quartered shield with Somba castle, Star of Benin, ship, palm tree; leopard supporters, cornucopia crest and the motto Fraternité, Justice, Tra…

Coat of arms of Chile Chile’s national emblem: a shield bearing a lone star flanked by a condor and a huemul, topped by plume crests and naval crowns. Symbolizes the republic, its geography, and naval h…

Coat of arms of Croatia National emblem of Croatia: a red-and-white checkerboard shield (šahovnica) topped by five smaller shields representing historic regions; adopted in its current form in 1990.

Coat of arms of Estonia National emblem: a gold shield bearing three blue lions (passant guardant) flanked by oak branches. Medieval origins linked to Danish rule, revived for the modern Republic and used…

Coat of arms of France (national emblem) Coat of arms of France The national emblem used by France since 1953, often called the coat of arms, appears on passports and official documents. It combines a shield marked “RF”, laurel and oak branches…

Coat of arms of Germany The national emblem of Germany: a black eagle with red beak and claws on a gold shield. Rooted in Roman and medieval imperial imagery, it serves as the Federal Republic's principal…

Coat of arms of Greece National emblem of Greece: a blue shield with a white cross flanked by laurel branches. Used by state bodies and derived from historic symbols tied to religion, flag colors, and vi…

Coat of arms of Haiti: symbols, history and official use Coat of arms of Haiti The national emblem of Haiti featuring a palm, cannons, flags and the Phrygian cap. First adopted in 1807 and remodeled over time; the current style has been in use since 1986.

Coat of arms of Hungary National emblem of Hungary combining red-and-white stripes, a double cross, three green hills and the Holy Crown; modern form restored in 1990 but with medieval roots.

Coat of Arms of India (State Emblem) Coat of arms of India The State Emblem of India is adapted from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka; adopted 26 January 1950, it appears on official documents, currency and passports and carries the mott…

Coat of arms of Iran The national emblem adopted after the 1979 Islamic Revolution: a stylized calligraphic device suggesting the word Allah, a tulip shape and Islamic motifs used on the flag and state…

Coat of arms of Morocco The royal coat of arms of Morocco, adopted in 1957, combines a green five‑pointed star, Atlas Mountains, rising sun, crown and lion supporters with an Arabic Quranic motto.

Coat of arms of the State of New York Coat of arms of New York The coat of arms of New York, adopted in 1778, features a river landscape on a shield, supporters Liberty and Justice, a crested eagle on a globe, and the motto Excelsior; it appea…

Coat of arms of Pakistan Overview of Pakistan's State Emblem: its design, symbolism, history, the quartered shield with crops, jasmine wreath and the national motto 'Faith, Unity, Discipline.'

Coat of arms of Romania The national coat of arms of Romania, adopted in 1992 and inspired by the 1922 royal arms, features a golden eagle with a cross, mace and sword and a shield bearing symbols of hist…

Coat of arms of Serbia National emblem of Serbia featuring a white double-headed eagle and a red shield with a cross and four fire‑steels (ocila); adopted 17 August 2004 and used on official seals and fl…

Coat of arms of Slovakia National emblem featuring a silver double cross on a red shield standing on three blue hills; medieval and Christian origins; used as a state symbol on flags, seals, and insignia.

Coat of arms of Slovenia National heraldic emblem of Slovenia featuring Mount Triglav, three stars and wavy lines; designed by Marko Pogačnik and adopted in 1991. Symbolism, history, uses and variations ex…

Coat of arms of Somalia The national emblem adopted 10 October 1956: a blue shield bearing a white five‑pointed star, supported by two leopards. It echoes earlier Italian Somaliland arms and symbolizes un…

Coat of arms of Spain National emblem of Spain combining historic kingdoms' symbols, the Bourbon escutcheon, the Pillars of Hercules and the royal crown; used on the flag, official documents and state p…

Coat of arms of Switzerland The coat of arms of Switzerland is a red heraldic shield bearing the white cross of the national flag. It is a national emblem used by federal authorities, appearing on documents,…

Coat of arms of the Isle of Man The official heraldic emblem of the Isle of Man featuring the island's triskele or three‑legged symbol. Used on government seals, flags, currency and public buildings; formally ado…

Coimbatore district: overview, economy, geography and significance Coimbatore district Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu is a major industrial and educational hub, known for textiles, engineering, and proximity to the Western Ghats. It combines urban industry with ag…

Commander-in-Chief A national office or title denoting ultimate authority over a state's armed forces; its powers range from ceremonial leadership to active operational control depending on constitut…

Commission des titres d'ingénieur (CTI): French engineering accreditation body Commission des titres d'ingénieur French commission established in 1934 that evaluates and accredits programmes awarding the diplôme d'ingénieur, ensuring academic quality, professional relevance and alignment with…

Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle (CNCP) Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle French inter‑ministerial commission created by law No.2002‑73 to register and oversee professional certifications, advise authorities, and promote transparency and comparability of…

United States Commissioner of Food and Drugs Commissioner of Food and Drugs Head of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, responsible for overseeing regulation of food, drugs, medical devices, biolog…

Commissioner of Internal Revenue Leader of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, responsible for administering federal tax laws, managing IRS operations, enforcement, taxpayer service, and implementing tax policy.