Government

Emblem of Angola National emblem of Angola: description, elements and symbolism, historical background, uses, and notable comparisons with other socialist-influenced state symbols.

Emblem of Bhutan Official national emblem of Bhutan featuring a double thunderbolt, lotus, jewel and two dragons—rich in Buddhist symbolism and reflecting the nation's religious and secular unity.

Emblem of Guatemala National emblem of Guatemala: its symbols, origins, designer, and appearance on the flag and national uses.

Emblem of Italy (Emblema della Repubblica Italiana) Emblem of Italy National emblem adopted 5 May 1948 featuring the white five-pointed 'Stella d'Italia' over a cogwheel, flanked by olive and oak branches and tied with a ribbon bearing 'REPVBBLICA…

Emblem of the Maldives Emblem of Maldives Overview of the national emblem of the Maldives, its components, symbolism, historical background, and official uses in state and ceremonial contexts.

Emblem of the United Arab Emirates The national emblem of the UAE: a golden falcon supporting a red disk with a traditional sailboat. Adopted in 1973 and revised in 2008, it appears on government seals, documents an…

Emir: meaning, history, and contemporary use Emir Emir (amir) is a title from Arabic meaning commander or prince, used historically across the Islamic world and today for sovereigns, governors, military leaders, and as a personal…

Emirate: definition, governance, history and modern examples Emirate An emirate is a territory or jurisdiction ruled by an emir. This entry explains its meaning, etymology, political forms, historical development, modern examples and differences fro…

Emperor: Role, History, and Modern Examples Emperor A concise but comprehensive article on emperors: definition, powers, origins of the title, methods of succession, regional varieties and the modern legacy of imperial rule.

Emperor of Ethiopia (Negusa Nagast) Emperor of Ethiopia Hereditary monarch of Ethiopia, traditionally titled Negusa Nagast (“King of Kings”), held supreme political and religious authority until the monarchy's abolition in the 1970s.

Emperor of India: title, usage and historical context Emperor of India Overview of the title 'Emperor of India', its linguistic forms, historical uses by Mughal and British rulers, symbolic functions, and its legacy after Indian independence.

Emperor of Japan The Emperor of Japan is the ceremonial head of state and a cultural symbol whose role has evolved from religious and political authority to a constitutional, symbolic office.

Empire of Vietnam (Đế quốc Việt Nam) — 1945 Empire of Vietnam Short-lived, Japanese-backed polity based in Huế in 1945. Established after Japan ousted French authority, it had limited autonomy and dissolved during Japan's surrender and the Au…

Empress of Japan Overview of the Empress of Japan, distinguishing reigning female sovereigns and empress consorts, with history, functions, and the contemporary role including Empress Masako.

Entrapment (legal inducement to commit a crime) Entrapment Entrapment is when someone—often an authority—induces another to commit a crime. Jurisdictions treat it differently: it can be a defence, an evidence issue, or a policy concern in…

EPA — French public administrative body and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA EPA commonly denotes either a French établissement public à caractère administratif (a public legal form) or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the federal environmental reg…

Esse quam videri: Latin motto advocating authenticity Esse quam videri Latin phrase meaning "to be rather than to seem," used as a personal and institutional motto; state motto of North Carolina since 1893 and widely adopted to express integrity and a…

Esto perpetua — Latin phrase and motto Esto perpetua Esto perpetua is a Latin expression meaning 'Let it be perpetual' used as the state motto of Idaho and adopted in other contexts; this article explains its meaning, history, and no…

Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR) Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was the Soviet-era administrative unit covering Estonia from 1940 (with wartime interruption) until the restoration of Estonian independence…

Établissement public à caractère administratif (EPA) Établissement public à caractère administratif A French public legal entity with administrative status, autonomous finance, and a non‑commercial public‑interest mission under State or local control.

European Commission The executive institution of the European Union responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding treaties and managing the EU's day-to-day business under a…

European Council: role, composition, history and significance European Council Overview of the European Council, the EU's summit of national leaders: membership, functions, limits of power, development since the Lisbon Treaty, and its role in setting EU polit…

European Parliament The directly elected legislature of the European Union: its composition, powers, procedures, history and meeting places, and its role in representing EU citizens.

European Union budget: purpose, structure and key facts European Union budget An overview of the European Union budget: how it is organised, where the money comes from, main spending areas, decision‑making and a brief historical context.

European Union member state Overview of what defines an EU member state: rights and obligations, accession criteria and procedures, history of enlargement, and distinctions such as the Eurozone and Schengen a…

European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo EULEX is the EU’s largest civilian mission deployed to Kosovo to assist and monitor the rule of law—police, judiciary and corrections—through mentoring, advising and limited execut…

Exalted Highness Exalted Highness is an honorific salutation historically associated with the Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, used in formal protocol and ceremonies; today it survives mainly as a his…

Excellency (honorific title) Excellency Excellency is a formal honorific used to address high-ranking officials and dignitaries. Usage, form, and retention vary by country and institution; protocol determines when and ho…

Executive: roles, types, and functions Executive Comprehensive overview of 'executive' covering government authority, corporate leadership, cognitive functions, history, uses, and key distinctions.

Executive (government) The executive is the branch of government charged with implementing laws and managing public administration; it includes heads of government, ministers, civil servants and varies b…

Executive Council of Ontario (Cabinet of Ontario) Executive Council of Ontario The Executive Council of Ontario, commonly called the Cabinet, is the province's central decision-making body. It comprises elected members appointed as ministers who lead ministri…

Executive order (United States) A presidential directive that directs federal agencies and officers, implementing policy within legal and constitutional bounds and subject to judicial and congressional oversight.

Executive Order 13769 — Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry (2017) Executive Order 13769 A 2017 U.S. presidential executive order that restricted entry from several countries and paused parts of refugee admissions; it produced immediate enforcement actions, mass protes…

Executive Yuan (Republic of China) Executive Yuan The Executive Yuan is the cabinet-level executive branch of the Republic of China (Taiwan), responsible for administering government policy, directing ministries and agencies, and…

Expediency Discernment Council (Islamic Republic of Iran) Expediency Discernment Council A senior institutional body in Iran that mediates disputes between the legislature and the Guardian Council, advises the Supreme Leader, and issues directives on national policy an…

Export–Import Bank of the United States (Ex‑Im Bank) Export–Import Bank of the United States The Export–Import Bank is the U.S. government's official export credit agency, providing loans, guarantees, and insurance to facilitate American exports when private finance is una…

Faisalabad Division — administrative region of Punjab, Pakistan (historic) Faisalabad Division Historic administrative division of Punjab, Pakistan. Centered on Faisalabad, it included Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh and Jhang districts until the 2000 local-government reforms.

Fascism: origins, features, and historical impact Fascism Fascism is a 20th‑century far‑right authoritarian ideology and set of regimes characterized by dictatorial leadership, nationalist mobilization, suppression of dissent, and state‑d…

Fatshe leno la rona — Botswana's National Anthem Fatshe leno la rona Fatshe leno la rona ('Blessed be this noble land') is Botswana's national anthem, written and composed by K. T. Motsete in 1962 and adopted at independence in 1966. Sung in Tswana,…

Federal (relating to federations and federalism) Federal Pertaining to a federation: a political system that divides authority between a central government and constituent units. Covers features, types, history, examples, advantages and…

Federal Administrative Court (Germany) — Bundesverwaltungsgericht Federal Administrative Court (Germany) Germany's federal court of appeal for administrative law disputes between citizens and public authorities; established 1953 and seated in the historic Reichsgericht building in Lei…

Federal Assembly (Switzerland) The Federal Assembly is Switzerland's bicameral federal legislature, meeting in Bern; it comprises the National Council and the Council of States and shares legislative powers and…

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Administration U.S. federal agency that regulates civil aviation, manages air traffic, issues certifications and promotes aviation safety, established by the Federal Aviation Act and part of the…

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Bureau of Investigation The FBI is the United States' principal federal investigative agency, combining criminal investigation, intelligence, national security, and law enforcement coordination across dom…

Federal Convention (Bundesversammlung) — Germany's presidential electoral assembly Federal Convention (Germany) The Bundesversammlung (Federal Convention) is an ad hoc German body convened to elect the Federal President. It combines Bundestag members and state-elected delegates and meets onl…

Federal Council (Switzerland) Switzerland’s seven-member collective executive and collective head of state. Councillors are elected by parliament, head federal departments, decide collegially, and rotate the pr…

Federal Election Commission: U.S. agency for federal campaign finance regulation Federal Election Commission Independent U.S. agency created in 1974 to administer and enforce federal campaign finance law, oversee disclosure, public funding, advisory opinions and penalties in federal elect…

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): role, history, and functions Federal Emergency Management Agency Overview of FEMA, its mission and legal basis, how federal disaster assistance is activated, organizational features, notable incidents, and key distinctions in emergency managemen…