Chemistry

Chemical cell (electrochemical cell) Chemical cell An electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy; covers structure, reaction types, primary vs secondary cells, history, common uses, and safety/envir…

Chemical change (chemical reaction) Chemical change A chemical change is a process in which substances are transformed into new substances with different compositions and properties; includes reaction types, indicators, examples, an…

Chemical composition: definition, notation, analysis, and significance Chemical composition Chemical composition describes the types, numbers and arrangement of atoms in a substance, how it is represented, measured, and why it determines properties and behavior.

Chemical compound A chemical compound is a substance formed when atoms of different elements join in fixed proportions. This article explains composition, bonding, types, properties, formation, uses…

Chemical database Structured repositories that store chemical structures, spectra, reactions, properties and related metadata for research, industry and regulation.

Chemistry education: teaching, learning, and the development of instruction Chemical education Study and practice of teaching chemistry across school and university levels, including methods, curricula, laboratory work, teacher preparation, challenges and the discipline’s ro…

Chemical element A chemical element is a pure substance whose atoms share the same number of protons; elements form the periodic table and are the basic building blocks of matter and materials.

Chemical energy: energy stored in chemical bonds and released in reactions Chemical energy Chemical energy is the potential energy held in atoms and molecules and released or absorbed during chemical reactions. It underpins fuels, batteries, metabolism, and many industri…

Chemical equation A concise guide to chemical equations: notation, parts, balancing, common reaction types (including precipitation) and why they matter in chemistry and industry.

Chemical Formula: notation, types, history, and uses Chemical formula A chemical formula records the kinds and counts of atoms in a substance. This article explains notation, common types, historical development, practical uses, and limitations of ch…

Chemical kinetics: reaction rates, mechanisms, and controlling factors Chemical kinetics Overview of chemical kinetics: how and why reaction rates vary, core theories, experimental methods, common rate laws, factors that change speed, and applications in science and in…

Chemical nomenclature: principles, systems and IUPAC standards Chemical nomenclature Rules and systems for naming chemical substances: purpose, main conventions, IUPAC reference works (Blue, Red, Green, Gold books), history, uses, and practical distinctions between…

Chemical potential An intensive thermodynamic quantity μ equal to the change in a system's free energy per added particle. It governs particle transfer, chemical equilibrium, diffusion, phase equilib…

Chemical precipitation: formation, mechanisms, and applications Chemical precipitation Chemical precipitation is the formation of an insoluble solid from a solution by a chemical reaction; this article outlines causes, mechanisms, collection methods, uses, and import…

Chemical property A chemical property describes how a substance reacts or transforms during chemical change. It differs from physical properties and helps classify, identify, and apply materials in…

Chemical purification: methods, history, and practical applications Chemical purification Overview of chemical purification: goals, common laboratory and industrial methods, measures of purity, historical development, uses in pharmaceuticals and research, and distinctio…

Chemical reaction: definition, types, energy changes, and examples Chemical reaction A chemical reaction transforms one or more substances into different substances by rearranging electrons and bonds. Covers types, rates, energy changes, examples and how chemical r…

Chemical relaxer (hair straightening treatment) Chemical relaxer A cosmetic process that alters hair structure to straighten or loosen tight curls by chemically modifying disulfide bonds; effective but requires careful application and aftercare…

Chemical similarity (molecular similarity) Chemical similarity Chemical similarity describes how closely two molecules resemble each other in structure, properties, or biological behavior; it underpins drug discovery, property prediction, and…

Chemical species: definition, examples, detection, and relevance Chemical species A chemical species is an ensemble of chemically identical atoms, molecules, ions or fragments that behave alike under defined conditions; used in analysis, reaction chemistry, and…

Chemical stability Chemical stability is a substance's tendency to resist reacting or breaking down. It depends on composition, bonding, and conditions such as heat, light, and air.

Chemical substance: definition, properties, examples and distinctions Chemical substance An overview of chemical substances: what they are, how composition and purity define them, their physical states, common examples, uses, and how they differ from mixtures and eleme…

Chemical symbol Short standardized letters that represent chemical elements; rules, origins, use in formulas, temporary names and notable exceptions in modern chemistry notation.

Chemical synapse A chemical synapse is a junction between neurons where neurotransmitters carry signals across a cleft, enabling fast and modulatory communication in the nervous system with implica…

Chemical synthesis: principles, strategies, and applications Chemical synthesis A concise overview of chemical synthesis: definition, planning, common methods, purification, history, and uses in research and industry.

Chemical vapor deposition: methods, materials, and applications Chemical vapor deposition Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a family of gas-phase processes used to produce thin solid films and coatings on substrates; it is widely used in electronics, optics, biomedical…

Chemical warfare: agents, history, and international controls Chemical warfare Chemical warfare uses toxic chemicals to harm or kill. This article explains types of agents, delivery and protection, historical use, legal bans, and modern distinctions and examp…

Chemically inert: definition, causes, applications and notable exceptions Chemically inert Overview of chemical inertness: what makes substances unreactive, common examples (noble gases, N2), practical uses of inert atmospheres and materials, and important exceptions and…

Chemilly-sur-Yonne Chemilly-sur-Yonne is a small riverside commune in the Yonne department of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, central France, known for its rural character, historic village core, and river…

Chemilly, Allier Chemilly is a small commune in the Allier department of central France, within the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. This article summarizes its location, character, local administratio…

Chemiluminescence: light produced by chemical reactions Chemiluminescence Chemiluminescence is light emission resulting from a chemical reaction. This article explains the mechanism, examples, measurement, applications and how it differs from fluorescenc…

Cheminas (Ardèche) — commune in southern France Cheminas Cheminas is a small rural commune in the Ardèche département of southern France. This article summarizes its location, landscape, local administration, history, economy, sights and…

Cheminformatics (Chemical Informatics): Overview, Methods, History, and Applications Cheminformatics Cheminformatics applies computing and information science to chemical data: representations, databases, modeling, and AI for drug discovery, materials, reaction analysis and data-d…

Chemiré-en-Charnie: a commune in Sarthe, Pays de la Loire Chemiré-en-Charnie Chemiré-en-Charnie is a small rural commune in the Sarthe department of the Pays de la Loire region in western France, known for its agricultural landscape and local heritage.

Chemist: roles, methods, history and applications Chemist A chemist studies chemical substances and reactions; this article explains their activities, subfields, methods, history, applications, and distinctions from related professions.

Chemistry: the science of matter, substances, and chemical change Chemistry Chemistry is the scientific study of matter, its composition and properties, and the transformations that occur during chemical reactions with applications across industry, medicin…

Chemistry (Girls Aloud album) Chemistry (album) Chemistry is the third studio album by British pop group Girls Aloud, released in 2005. Known for its adventurous production by Xenomania, it produced several notable singles and r…

Chemistry (Japanese R&B duo) Chemistry (band) Chemistry is a Japanese R&B vocal duo formed after winning the Asayan audition. Active since 2001, the pair debuted with the single "PIECES OF A DREAM" and helped popularize contem…

Chemmanam Chacko Chemmanam Chacko (1926–2018) was a Malayalam satirical poet from Kerala, noted for plainspoken, humorous verse that critiqued politics, bureaucracy and social pretence and influenc…

Chemnitz: Saxony's industrial city with a changing identity Chemnitz Chemnitz is a city in the German state of Saxony with medieval origins, a strong industrial heritage, a period as Karl-Marx-Stadt, and a diverse cultural and economic profile today…

Chemnitzer Land — former district in Saxony, Germany Chemnitzer Land Chemnitzer Land was a district in the Free State of Saxony formed in 1994, shaped by GDR-era industrialization and dissolved in the 2008 administrative reform to become part of the…

Chemotherapy: Principles, Uses, and Effects Chemotherapy Overview of chemotherapy — medicines that destroy or control abnormal cells. Covers how chemo works, common types and schedules, uses beyond cancer, typical side effects, and ways…

Chemtrail conspiracy theory Overview of the chemtrail conspiracy theory: claims, scientific explanations for contrails, investigations and official responses, how it differs from legitimate aerial spraying an…

Chemung County, New York Chemung County is in New York’s Southern Tier with Elmira as its county seat. Founded in the 19th century, it centers on the Chemung River and includes communities such as Horsehea…

Chirality (handedness) Chirality Chirality is the geometric property of an object or system that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image; important in geometry, chemistry, biology and materials science.

Chitin: structure, occurrence, uses and biological significance Chitin Chitin is a widespread natural polysaccharide forming protective and supportive structures in animals and fungi. This article explains its chemistry, forms, roles, history and prac…

Chloralkali process Industrial electrochemical method that converts sodium chloride brine into chlorine, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen; covers cell types, chemistry, uses, history and environmental co…

Chlorate (ClO3−): composition, properties, uses and safety Chlorate Chlorate is the ClO3− oxyanion of chlorine in oxidation state +5. Found in salts like potassium chlorate, it is a strong oxidizer. This article covers structure, formation, uses, h…