Technology

iPhone SE (1st generation) A compact 4-inch iPhone released in 2016 that paired the iPhone 5s body with the iPhone 6s processor and camera, offering a lower-cost option and smaller form factor until its 2018…

iPhone SE (2nd generation) — compact iPhone with A13 Bionic iPhone SE (2nd generation) Apple's second-generation iPhone SE (2020) pairs the A13 Bionic chip with a 4.7-inch Touch ID design, a single 12 MP camera, Qi wireless charging and an affordable position in Appl…

iPhone X Apple's iPhone X, introduced in 2017 for the iPhone's 10th anniversary, introduced an edge-to-edge OLED display, Face ID facial recognition, and a new industrial design that set th…

iPhone XR Mid‑range iPhone introduced by Apple in 2018. Combines a 6.1‑inch LCD, A12 Bionic chip, Face ID and single rear camera with a lower price and colorful design options.

iPhone XS — overview, design, hardware, camera, and release iPhone XS The iPhone XS and XS Max are Apple’s 2018 flagship smartphones with Super Retina OLED displays, A12 Bionic chip, dual cameras, Face ID and up to 512 GB storage. Announced Sept 12,…

Apple iPod: history, models, and features of the portable media player iPod Overview of the Apple iPod: its evolution from the 2001 Classic to Mini, Nano, Shuffle and Touch; model differences, hardware and software features, supported formats, and the devi…

iPod Classic Apple's iPod Classic — a hard‑drive based portable media player that stored large music libraries, used the click wheel interface, and remained in production from 2001 until discon…

iPod nano — Apple's compact portable media player iPod nano The iPod nano was Apple’s small, flash‑based portable media player line (2005–2017), produced in multiple generations with changing designs, storage sizes, colours and features suc…

iPod shuffle (Apple compact digital audio player) iPod shuffle Compact, screenless MP3 player introduced by Apple in 2005, produced in several generations with different controls and capacities; small size and clip made it popular for active u…

iPod touch (Apple portable touchscreen media player) iPod touch Handheld iOS-based media player introduced in 2007. The iPod touch combined a multitouch interface, Wi‑Fi internet, iTunes/App Store access and app capability; the line was discont…

iPod Touch (5th generation) A slim, colorized portable media player and pocket computer released by Apple in 2012, notable for its 4-inch Retina display, A5 processor, Lightning connector and enhanced camera…

iPod Touch (6th generation) A compact media player and iOS device introduced by Apple in July 2015; a Wi‑Fi‑only successor to earlier iPod Touch models with upgraded processor, camera, and iOS app compatibili…

iQue Player Compact, China-focused variant of the Nintendo 64 hardware released by iQue. A controller-shaped, flash-based player with a limited downloadable library and distinct distribution t…

Iran Standard Time (IRST) Iran Standard Time Iran Standard Time (IRST) is the national time zone of Iran at UTC+03:30. Historically it observed daylight saving (IRDT, UTC+04:30) at times; daylight saving was abolished in 2022…

IRC bot (Internet Relay Chat bot) IRC bot Automated programs that connect to Internet Relay Chat (IRC) to moderate channels, provide services, gather or relay data, and integrate IRC with other systems; usually scripted or…

IRCd — Internet Relay Chat daemon (server software) IRCd IRCd refers to server programs that implement the IRC protocol, handling client connections, channels, server links and policies that make real-time text chat networks possible.

ISO image (disc image file) ISO image An ISO image is a single-file representation of an optical disc's full contents and file system, used for burning, mounting, distributing software and creating bootable media acros…

Israel National Museum of Science, Technology and Space (MadaTech) Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space MadaTech (Israel National Museum of Science, Technology and Space) is a public science museum in Haifa, housed in the historic Technion building, offering interactive exhibits, a p…

Itanium: Intel–HP 64-bit server processor family Itanium Itanium is a 64-bit server microprocessor family developed by HP and manufactured by Intel, notable for its EPIC architecture, limited adoption, and official discontinuation announ…

ITS-90 (International Temperature Scale of 1990) ITS 90 ITS-90 is the international practical temperature scale adopted in 1990 to standardize temperature realization and calibration across a wide range (≈0.65 K to 1357.77 K).

iTunes (Apple media player and library manager) iTunes iTunes is Apple's application for playing and organizing digital media, managing iOS devices and purchasing content. Introduced in 2001, it became a central hub for music, video, p…

Jack plane (woodworking bench plane) Jack plane A jack plane is a versatile, general-purpose bench plane used to remove stock, flatten rough boards, and prepare wood for finer planing; typically 30–40 cm long with a slightly cur…

Jack-in-the-box: the classic surprise toy Jack-in-the-box A jack-in-the-box is a spring‑loaded children's toy whose figure pops out of a lidded container. This article describes its design, history, cultural role, variations, safety and c…

Japanese saw (nokogiri): design, types and uses Japanese saw Overview of the Japanese saw (nokogiri), its pull-stroke cutting action, common types, construction features, and typical woodworking uses and advantages.

Java (programming language): overview, design, history, and ecosystem Java (programming language) Java is a widely used, class-based, object-oriented programming language and runtime ecosystem known for portability, rich standard libraries, and a large ecosystem across servers,…

Java ME (Java Platform, Micro Edition) Java ME Compact Java platform for constrained and embedded devices; defines configurations and profiles (CLDC, CDC, MIDP) used in feature phones, set‑top boxes, consumer electronics and Io…

Java Virtual Machine (JVM): design, components, and role in platform independence Java virtual machine Overview of the Java Virtual Machine: architecture, bytecode execution, runtime components, security, implementations, and its role in making Java and other languages portable acro…

Jet Ski (personal watercraft) Jet Ski Jet Ski is Kawasaki's trademarked name for a personal watercraft; commonly used to mean any small, motorized recreational watercraft ridden by one or more people.

Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation JIT Run-time technique that translates intermediate code or bytecode into native machine code on demand, improving performance by optimizing hot paths while balancing startup cost and…

Jointer Plane A long hand plane used to straighten and square the edges and faces of boards; described by purpose, parts, history, technique, and variants.

Joystick (input device) Joystick An overview of the joystick: its design, operation, history, common types, uses in aviation, gaming and industry, and technical and ergonomic distinctions.

JPEG: lossy image compression standard for photographs and continuous-tone images JPEG JPEG is a lossy image standard for photographs and continuous-tone images that uses adjustable compression to trade quality for smaller files. Widely supported (.jpg/.jpeg); good f…

jQuery — fast, small, and feature-rich JavaScript library jQuery jQuery is a lightweight JavaScript library that simplifies HTML document traversal, event handling, animation and Ajax, and provides a plugin architecture for extensibility.

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) JSON JSON is a lightweight, text-based data interchange format derived from JavaScript object literal syntax. It is language-independent and widely used for APIs, configuration, and dat…

JSPWiki — Java-based, extensible wiki engine JSPWiki JSPWiki is an open-source, Java servlet and JSP-based wiki engine created by Janne Jalkanen, designed for extensibility, integration with Java environments, and collaborative docum…

Jukebox: coin-operated music player and cultural icon Jukebox A jukebox is a partly automatic, coin-operated music player that selects and plays recorded songs. This article covers its design, history, cultural role, decline, and modern reviv…

Jun-ichi Nishizawa: Pioneer of Japanese Microelectronics Jun-ichi Nishizawa Japanese engineer and inventor (1926–2018) noted for pioneering semiconductor devices such as the PIN diode and static induction transistor; influential in Japan's microelectronics…

Kaleidoscope: optical instrument, design, history and cultural uses Kaleidoscope An overview of the kaleidoscope: its optical design, construction, historical origin, uses as a scientific device and toy, notable variants, and its cultural and artistic influence…

Kannada Wikipedia The Kannada-language edition of Wikipedia, begun in June 2003. A volunteer-maintained encyclopedia in the Kannada script covering topics of interest to Kannada speakers and the wid…

Kanotix (Debian-based live Linux distribution) Kanotix Kanotix is a Debian-derived live Linux distribution that emphasizes hardware detection and live-session use. It defaults to KDE, can run without a hard disk, and supports additiona…

Karbon14 — vector drawing application from the KDE office ecosystem Karbon14 Karbon14 is a free vector graphics editor originating in the KDE office suite. It offers editable vector objects, Bezier drawing, layered composition and common export options for…

Kate (text editor) Kate is KDE's advanced text editor. A programmer-oriented editor with syntax highlighting, split views, plugins and a reusable editing component, first included in KDE 2.2 (2002).

KDE — the community, Plasma desktop, and free software ecosystem KDE KDE is a global free‑software community that develops the Plasma desktop environment, libraries, and applications for Linux, other Unix‑like systems, macOS and Windows.

Ken Thompson (computer scientist) Ken Thompson Ken Thompson (born 1943) is an American computer scientist best known as co‑creator of the UNIX operating system, author of early system software and algorithms, and a Turing Award…

Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space Center is the multi-pad rocket launch facility built for Apollo, adapted for Space Shuttle operations, and now used and modified for modern comme…

Kerberos (network authentication protocol) Kerberos (protocol) Kerberos is a network authentication protocol and suite developed at MIT that provides mutual authentication using tickets and symmetric cryptography for secure single sign-on.

Kernel A concise overview of the term “kernel” across computing, mathematics, statistics, image processing and botany, explaining core meanings, roles, and common distinctions.

Kernel (computer science) The kernel is the core component of an operating system that mediates access to hardware, manages resources, provides system calls and enforces protection between programs.