Politics

Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign Overview of Hillary Clinton's 2016 campaign: announcement, primary battle, themes, controversies, general election against Donald Trump, outcome and its political significance.

Hillary Clinton private email server controversy Hillary Clinton email controversy A summary of the controversy over Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server while U.S. Secretary of State, the investigations that followed, and its political and institution…

Hindutva: ideology, history and political influence Hindutva Hindutva is a form of cultural nationalism originating in India that links politics, religion, and identity. This article explains its origins, core ideas, key organizations, polit…

Hollywood blacklist Mid-20th-century practice in the U.S. entertainment industry of denying work to people suspected of certain political or social associations, notably during the Red and Lavender sc…

Hong Kong Island (Legislative Council constituency) Hong Kong Island (constituency) A geographical constituency used in elections to Hong Kong's Legislative Council, covering the main urban island and evolving through boundary and electoral system changes since th…

Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign Overview of Howie Hawkins' 2020 bid for U.S. president as the Green Party nominee: timeline, platform priorities, ballot-access challenges, running mate, and political significance…

Identity politics: concepts, history, and contemporary debates Identity politics An overview of identity politics: how group identities shape political action, key features, historical development, common examples, and major debates about aims and limits.

Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff (2015–2016) Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff Process that removed Brazil's president Dilma Rousseff from office in 2016 after charges of fiscal mismanagement; a divisive political and legal episode with lasting consequences.

Impeachment of Donald Trump The two separate impeachment processes against Donald J. Trump: the 2019–2020 Ukraine-related inquiry and the 2021 charge following the January 6 Capitol attack, and their constitu…

Imperialism: expansion of state power, forms, history, and consequences Imperialism Imperialism is a policy by which states extend control over other territories or peoples. This article explains what imperialism is, its forms, historical development, impacts, and…

Impossibilism (socialist strategy) Impossibilism Impossibilism is a socialist perspective that prioritizes structural transformation of capitalism over piecemeal reforms, emphasizing education, mass organization and the eventual…

Incumbent (officeholder and current title holder) Incumbent An incumbent is the person who presently holds a public office, professional post, award, or title. Common in politics and sports, the term contrasts with challengers and affects c…

Independence: meanings, forms, and significance Independence Independence denotes freedom from reliance on others. This article explains its different senses—personal, political, economic, legal, and scientific—and outlines history, examples…

Independence and Democracy (European Parliament group) Independence and Democracy A Eurosceptic political grouping in the European Parliament that brought together MEPs favoring national sovereignty, EU reform, or withdrawal from the EU.

Independence Party (Iceland) Major centre-right political party in Iceland, founded in 1929. Advocates liberal conservatism, market-oriented policies, NATO membership and opposition to EU membership; historica…

Independent Democrat (United States) Independent Democrat A political designation for officeholders who align with the Democratic Party on many issues but remain formally independent of party membership; often caucus with Democrats in leg…

Independent Democratic Union (Chile) Independent Democratic Union Chilean conservative political party founded in 1983 by Jaime Guzmán. The Independent Democratic Union (UDI) is a right‑wing party associated with free‑market policies, social cons…

Independent politician An independent politician holds or seeks office without formal party membership. This article explains forms, motivations, historical context, typical roles, and practical challeng…

Industrial (First) functional constituency (Hong Kong) Industrial (First) A Legislative Council functional constituency established in 1998 that represents industrial associations and corporate members in Hong Kong's manufacturing and industrial sectors.

Industrial (Second) — Hong Kong Legislative Council functional constituency Industrial (Second) A functional constituency created in 1998 that elects one LegCo member and represents industrial trade associations, qualifying corporations and corporate voters in Hong Kong's ind…

Inkatha Freedom Party (South Africa) Inkatha Freedom Party A South African political party founded by Mangosuthu Buthelezi with roots in Zulu cultural politics; influential in KwaZulu‑Natal and a persistent national parliamentary party.

Instant Runoff Voting (IRV): ranked single-winner elections Instant Runoff Voting Instant runoff voting is a single-winner ranked-choice method that simulates successive runoffs by eliminating low-ranked candidates and transferring ballots until one attains a ma…

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) — Mexico's long-ruling party Institutional Revolutionary Party Overview of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), its origins, organization, historical dominance in Mexico, major policies and controversies, and notable leaders.

Insurance (Hong Kong Legislative Council functional constituency) Insurance (constituency) Functional constituency in Hong Kong's Legislative Council representing licensed insurers. Created after 1998 reorganization from a broader finance-related seat, it has a narrow, c…

International relations: scope, actors, history and practical applications International relations Study of relationships among states and global actors, covering politics, economics, law, diplomacy, international organizations, NGOs, and multinational corporations and the theor…

Irish Parliamentary Party A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Irish nationalist party that sought Home Rule within the United Kingdom through parliamentary constitutional means, influential under lead…

Islamism: political movements seeking to apply Islamic principles Islamism Islamism is a range of political ideologies that seek to shape government and society according to Islamic principles. It encompasses diverse movements, methods, and interpretation…

Islington North (UK Parliament constituency) A UK parliamentary constituency in the London Borough of Islington, notable for its small area and long-serving MP Jeremy Corbyn. Covers central-north Islington neighbourhoods and…

Israeli West Bank barrier A barrier of fences and concrete separating much of the West Bank from Israel, built primarily for security in the early 2000s; it has significant legal, political and humanitarian…

Italian Irredentism in Istria: History, Policies, and Legacy Italian irredentism in Istria Overview of the Italian irredentist movement in Istria: origins, development under Austro-Hungarian rule and Italy, fascist policies, wartime upheavals, postwar outcomes and modern…

Italian Union Movement (Movimento Unione Italiano) Italian Union Movement Minor Italian political party founded in 2010 by Stefano Bandecchi. The Movimento Unione Italiano (MUI) focuses on pragmatic local policies, civic participation and institutional r…

Jacobitism: movement to restore the House of Stuart Jacobitism Jacobitism was the political movement that sought to restore the Stuart kings after 1688. It produced several uprisings, influenced British and Irish politics, and left a lasting c…

James Purnell — British Labour politician and policy figure James Purnell Overview of James Purnell, former Labour MP for Stalybridge and Hyde (2001–2010), his ministerial roles, post‑parliamentary work at the think tank Demos and his policy interests.

Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party Regional political party active in Pakistan‑administered Kashmir (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit‑Baltistan), founded in 1990 to promote democratic organization, Kashmiri self‑determinatio…

Janata Dal (United) (JD(U)) Janata Dal (United) Janata Dal (United) is an Indian centre-left political party, rooted in socialist politics and most active in Bihar and Jharkhand, known for coalition politics and social‑welfare o…

Jewish Territorialism: a practical alternative to nationalist Zionism Jewish territorialism Jewish Territorialism was a political movement that sought practical territorial refuge for Jews anywhere suitable, distinct from ideological Zionism which emphasized the historic…

Jill Stein — 2016 United States presidential campaign Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign Overview of Jill Stein’s 2016 run for U.S. president as the Green Party candidate: platform, organization, ballot access, debate exclusion, post-election recounts, and how the camp…

Jim Gilmore 2016 presidential campaign Overview of Jim Gilmore's 2016 Republican presidential bid: background, timeline, campaign themes, reasons for withdrawal and its place in the 2016 race.

Jim Webb 2016 presidential campaign Summary of Jim Webb's 2016 bid for the Democratic nomination: launch, priorities, organization, reception, and reasons the campaign ended in October 2015.

Joe Walsh 2020 presidential campaign Overview of Joe Walsh’s 2020 bid for the Republican presidential nomination, including background, campaign themes, timeline, and outcome.

John Kasich 2016 Republican presidential campaign — timeline, strategy and outcome John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign Timeline, strategy and outcome of John Kasich's 2016 Republican presidential campaign: launch, moderate gubernatorial pitch, Ohio win, 154 delegates and suspension on May 4, 2016

John McCain 2008 presidential campaign Overview of John McCain’s 2008 presidential run: launch, primary victory, selection of Sarah Palin, convention nomination, general election against Barack Obama, results and histor…

Julian Castro 2020 presidential campaign Summary of Julian Castro’s 2020 Democratic presidential campaign: background, themes, timeline, debate participation, withdrawal, endorsement, and political significance.

Kadima — Israeli centrist liberal party founded by Ariel Sharon Kadima Kadima (Hebrew: קדימה, 'Forward') was a centrist, liberal Zionist party in Israel founded in 2005 by Ariel Sharon. It promoted security alongside negotiations and later declined in…

Kansas Democratic Party State affiliate of the U.S. Democratic Party in Kansas. Organizes candidates, conventions, platforms and grassroots activity; operates within a historically Republican-leaning stat…

Kansas Republican Party State affiliate of the U.S. Republican Party founded in 1859. A dominant force in Kansas politics, it shapes state policy, fields candidates, and contains diverse internal factions…

Kansas's 1st congressional district A vast, mostly rural congressional district in western and northern Kansas covering 63 counties, home to small cities like Manhattan and Salina and often called "The Big First."

Kansas's 5th congressional district A former U.S. House district in Kansas that existed from 1885 to 1993; created during late 19th-century growth and eliminated after reapportionment, its territory was absorbed into…