Independent politician

A person who holds or aspires to hold a political office or mandate but does not belong to a political party is considered to be a non-party (also known as a free MP or independent). A parliamentarian can often only become a non-party member after an election by resigning or being expelled from his or her party. In Austria, the term "wild MP" is also commonly used for such cases.

Parliamentarians who are not members of any political group are called non-attached Members. Non-party MPs are not necessarily non-attached and vice versa. Often, independent MPs form electoral communities or their own parliamentary group of independents.

In most modern democracies, members of parliaments and members of governments are usually pre-selected by parties and elected with their support; non-party governments are formed only in exceptional situations. Independent candidates are most important where majoritarianism prevails or where party ties are not very strong. To be elected without party support usually requires a high profile among voters, especially when running against party candidates. Non-partisans are therefore usually given less of a chance as direct candidates in elections than party members. In federal elections, individual candidates were only able to win constituencies directly and thus enter parliament in 1949.

In local elections in Germany, individual candidates can stand for election. Therefore, there are more often successful non-partisans, who are often also supported or tolerated by parties. Conversely, parties are not forced to nominate only party members for an election; therefore, party lots and members of other parties or voter associations can also be nominated in so-called "open lists". Non-partisans as individual candidates need support signatures, the number of which is set in the municipal regulations of the Länder, in order to appear on the ballot paper.

In the US and the UK, there are always independent candidates who are successful. Bernie Sanders, for example, has been a representative of the US state of Vermont since 1991, and has represented the state in the Senate since 2007.

It is rather rare that a high political office is held by a person who is not a party member. In most cases it is then a person who is at least close to a party. Examples are some ministers such as Ulrich Nußbaum (2009-2014 Finance Senator in Berlin) or also the eleventh German President Joachim Gauck.

Municipal policy developments in Germany

In the Federal Republic of Germany, especially in local politics, non-party candidates are increasingly being elected as full-time mayors. In Hesse, for example, an association of non-party mayors has been formed. In 2006 and 2007, a federal conference of non-party mayors and district councillors was held in Crimmitschau (Saxony). In 2011, non-party mayors and district councillors met in Dresden on the occasion of the conference "Der Bürgermeistertag". In the northern German states in particular, the trend is clear: around one third of the directly elected chief administrative officers in Lower Saxony are non-party members. In addition, quotas for non-partisans are increasingly being established in the top municipal bodies such as the German Association of Cities and Towns or the Association of Cities and Towns of the Länder.

Regardless of the legal definition, there is some doubt in the political science debate as to whether local political associations such as citizens' alliances and local voters' associations and their representatives should be classified as parties or whether they should be classified as party-like organs of local decision-making.

There are non-party mayors in the major cities of Freiburg im Breisgau (Martin Horn), Hagen (Erik O. Schulz), Halle (Saale) (Bernd Wiegand), Heidelberg (Eckart Würzner), Cologne (Henriette Reker), Magdeburg (Lutz Trümper) and Rostock (Claus Ruhe Madsen).

Known non-partisan politicians

Germany

Weimar Republic

• Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor of the Reich from 1922 to 1923
• Hans Luther, Chancellor of the Reich from 1925 to 1926
• Franz von Papen, Reich Chancellor 1932 (until 1932 German Centre Party)
• Kurt von Schleicher, Chancellor of the Reich 1932 and 1933
• Paul von Hindenburg, President of the Reich from 1925 to 1934

Federal Republic of

• In the 1949 Bundestag election, three non-party direct candidates entered the Bundestag: Eduard Edert (Flensburg Bundestag constituency), Richard Freudenberg (Mannheim-Land) and Franz Ott (Esslingen). Edert was supported by CDU, FDP and DP, Freudenberg by FDP/DVP and Ott by the expellee organization Notgemeinschaft Württemberg-Baden
• Ludwig Erhard, Federal Minister of Economics in the Adenauer I - Adenauer V cabinets, was, according to the news magazine Spiegel, retroactively and retrospectively admitted to the CDU in 1968, after he had already assumed the party's chairmanship in 1966.
• Hans Leussink, Federal Minister for Education and Science in the Brandt I Cabinet
• Werner Müller, Federal Minister of Economics and Technology in the Schröder I Cabinet
• Joachim Gauck, German Federal President from 2012 to 2017 (a member of Bündnis 90 in the 1990s).
• Helmut Palmer was a candidate in at least 289 mayoral elections and 13 state and federal elections in Baden-Württemberg. He became known as the "Remstal Rebel". In the 1983 Bundestag election, Helmut Palmer received 19.8% of the first-past-the-post vote in the Göppingen Bundestag constituency, and 19.2% in the Waiblingen Bundestag constituency in 1987. Helmut Palmer is to this day the most successful non-party individual candidate in federal elections in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany who had not previously been in a party or had received significant support from it.
• Wolfgang Nešković was elected to the Bundestag in 2005 as a non-party MP on the Brandenburg state list of the Left Party. In 2009, he won the Cottbus - Spree-Neiße constituency as a non-party direct candidate of the Left Party. In December 2012, he resigned from the parliamentary group of the Left Party with immediate effect and announced that he would run as an independent candidate in the 2013 federal election.
• Frank Horch, Senator for Economic Affairs of Hamburg since 2011.
• Rudolf Petersen, was First Mayor of Hamburg from 1945 to 1946 (from 1946 CDU)

Greece

• Loukas Papadimos, former Vice-President of the European Central Bank and Prime Minister in 2011 and 2012.
• Yanis Varoufakis, Greek Finance Minister from 27 January - 6 July 2015
• Panagiotis Pikrammenos, Greek Prime Minister from 16 May 2012 to 20 June 2012.
• Nikos Kotzias, Greek Foreign Minister since 2015
• Panagiotis Nikoloudis, Greek Minister of State for Anti-Corruption since 2015
• Nikos Paraskevopoulos, Greek Minister of Justice since 2015

Italy

• Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, Italian Prime Minister from 1993 to 1994, President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006
• Lamberto Dini, Italian Prime Minister from 1995 to 1996, Minister of Finance from 1994 to 1996, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1996 to 2001,
• Giuliano Amato, Italian Prime Minister from 2000 to 2001, Minister of Finance from 1987 to 1989 and 1999 to 2000, Minister of the Interior from 2006 to 2008
• Mario Monti, Italian Prime Minister from 2011 to 2013
• Giuseppe Conte, Italian Prime Minister since 2018.

Russia

• Vladimir Putin, president 1999 to 2008 and since 2012, was leader of the United Russia party from 2008 to 2012, but never a member

Austria

• Karl-Heinz Grasser, Austrian Federal Minister of Finance from 2000 to 2007 (FPÖ until 2002)
• Michael Hainisch, Austrian Federal President from 1920 to 1928
• Rudolf Kirchschläger, Austrian Federal President from 1974 to 1986
• Brigitte Bierlein, Austrian Chancellor from June 3, 2019 to January 7, 2020.

Switzerland

• Thomas Minder, Member of the Council of States for the Canton of Schaffhausen since 2011.

USA

• George Washington, first President of the United States
• Bill Walker, Governor of Alaska since 2014 (Republican Party until 2014).
• Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York 2002 to 2013 (Republican Party until 2007).
• William Few, Senator from Georgia 1789 to 1793
• Lincoln Chafee, Senator from Rhode Island 2011 to 2015 (Republican Party until 2007, Democratic Party from 2013).
• Thomas Mifflin, Governor of Pennsylvania 1782 to 1799
• Charlie Crist, Governor of Florida, 2007 to 2011 (Republican Party until 2010, Democratic Party from 2012).
• Bernie Sanders, Representative from Vermont 1991-2007, Senator from Vermont since 2007 (2015 to 2016 Democratic Party).
• John Tyler, tenth President of the United States (was expelled from the Whig party in 1841).