Politics: how groups make collective decisions Politics Politics is the practice and study of making collective decisions in groups—from local communities to nation-states—covering power, institutions, policy, and the processes that gov…
Politics of Germany: System, Institutions, Parties, and Federal Structure Politics of Germany Overview of Germany's federal parliamentary republic: constitutional framework, main institutions (President, Chancellor, Bundestag, Bundesrat), electoral system, party landscape,…
Politics of Pakistan: System, History and Key Institutions Politics of Pakistan A concise overview of Pakistan's political system, major institutions, history of military interventions and return to civilian rule, main parties, provinces and contemporary chall…
Politics of the Netherlands: institutions, decentralization and international role Politics of the Netherlands Comprehensive overview of the Dutch political system: constitutional monarchy, parliamentary institutions, electoral system, subnational bodies, Kingdom relations in the Caribbean…
Politics of the United States: Structure, Powers, and Practice Politics of the United States Comprehensive overview of U.S. politics: constitutional foundations, separation of powers, federalism, branches of government, elections, parties, courts, and the forces that shape…
PolitiFact: U.S. Political Fact-Checking Project and Its Role PolitiFact PolitiFact is a nonprofit fact-checking project that evaluates statements by U.S. public figures. It uses a rating scale, documented research, and editorial review to assess politi…
Politika — Serbia's longest-published daily newspaper Politika Politika is a Serbian daily newspaper founded in 1904. Known as the country's longest-running paper, it has played a leading role in Serbian public life and media for over a centur…
Polity: definition, types and significance Polity A polity is an organized, autonomous group bound by a political agreement and control of territory. This article explains its defining features, common forms, historical developmen…
Polity IV — international index of regime authority and democracy Polity IV Polity IV is a widely used cross‑national dataset that scores states on a –10 (hereditary autocracy) to +10 (consolidated democracy) scale, classifying regimes and tracking changes…
Popular Republican Union (France, founded 2007) Popular Republican Union (2007) French political party Union Populaire Républicaine (UPR), founded by François Asselineau in 2007. Sovereigntist and nationalist, critical of the EU and federalism, advocates withd…
Popular Socialist Party (Cuba) Cuban communist party founded in 1925 as the Communist Party of Cuba, later renamed the Popular Socialist Party; active in labor, electoral politics and merged into Cuba's revoluti…
Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty: the principle that political authority derives from the people. Overview, history, forms, U.S. examples, strengths, limits, and how it differs from related ide…
Popular Sovereignty in the United States 19th-century doctrine that territorial residents should decide policy — notably slavery — which shaped the Kansas–Nebraska era, provoked conflict, and influenced debates about fede…
Populism: the political style of 'people versus elites' Populism Populism is a political approach that contrasts 'the people' with 'elites', found across ideologies. This article explains its features, history, variations, and the democratic deb…
Populist Movement (People's Party) — United States, late 19th century Populist Movement An agrarian political movement of the 1880s–1890s United States that sought economic and political reform for farmers and laborers through the People's Party and the 1892 Omaha Pla…
Populist Party A political party name used worldwide for movements claiming to represent 'the people' against elites; the label covers diverse ideologies and has roots in 19th‑century agrarian pr…
Pork barrel (political spending) Pork barrel Pork barrel: government spending directed to a politician's constituency, often through earmarks or local projects; widely debated as clientelism, constituency service, or wasteful…
Power bloc (international relations) Power bloc A power bloc is a grouping of states or political actors that coordinate policy and act collectively to pursue shared strategic interests, shaping regional or global balance throug…
Power network: structure, functions, and distinctions Power network Overview of power networks: defining features, typical examples, how they form and evolve, differences from social networks, and issues of accountability and change in political an…
Prague Manifesto (Esperanto): 1996 statement on international language policy Prague Manifesto (Esperanto) The Prague Manifesto (1996) sets seven guiding principles for the Esperanto movement, promoting equity, learnability and linguistic rights and serving as a modern finvenkist progra…
Premier of South Australia Head of the South Australian government and leader of the majority in the state's lower house; a political office shaped by the colony's transition from factional politics to moder…
President of the Congress of Deputies (Spain) President of the Congress of Deputies The presiding officer of Spain's lower parliamentary chamber, elected from among deputies to chair debates, enforce standing orders, lead the Bureau, represent the chamber and over…
President of the National Assembly of Thailand Chief presiding officer of Thailand's bicameral legislature, usually the Speaker of the House of Representatives; chairs joint sittings, oversees procedure, and represents the asse…
President-elect: meaning, transition period, roles and distinctions President-elect A president-elect is a person who has won a presidential election but has not yet assumed office. The term covers the transition period, limited powers, typical activities and impo…
Presidential nominee Explanation of the term 'presidential nominee' in U.S. usage, covering party nominations, presidential appointments, the presumptive nominee concept, and related processes.
Pretender (claimant to a throne) Pretender A pretender is a person who asserts a right to a monarchy or sovereign title. The term covers claimants, impostors, and rival heirs in historical and modern dynastic disputes.
Primary election: purpose, types, history, and effects Primary election Primary elections let party members or voters choose candidates for a later general election. This article explains formats, origins, procedures, impact, and common criticisms.
Pro‑slavery in the United States Pro-slavery (United States) Political and social doctrine that defended the institution of slavery in the U.S., its arguments, development in the 19th century, and its legacy in law, economy and public debate…
Progressive conservatism: balancing tradition and reform Progressive conservatism A political approach that combines conservative values with reformist measures: supports social safety nets, regulated markets, limited redistribution and institutional continuity…
Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba Centre-right provincial party in Manitoba, Canada. Founded in 1882, it has alternated in government and opposition and is known for fiscal conservatism and rural support.
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Centre-right provincial political party in Ontario, Canada. Roots in 19th-century conservative movements; a major governing party historically with internal Red/Blue Tory divisions…
Progressivism: ideas, history and public reforms Progressivism Progressivism is a political and philosophical outlook that trusts social improvement through reform, science, and institutions. It shaped modern public policy on education, labor,…
Prohibition Party (United States political party) Prohibition Party A U.S. political party founded in 1869 advocating temperance and the legal prohibition of alcohol; influential in the 19th–early 20th century temperance movement and still active a…
Proportional representation: systems, types, advantages and global use Proportional representation Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral approach that allocates legislative seats to reflect votes more closely than single-member systems, with several variants and wide…
Proscription: state condemnation, exile, and political purge Proscription Proscription: an official declaration naming individuals or groups enemies of the state, historically authorizing execution, exile or forfeiture, and used today to describe bans, l…
Protectionist Party (Australia, 1889–1909) Protectionist Party Australian political party (1889–1909) advocating tariffs to foster domestic industry; central to early federal governments and merged in 1909 into the Commonwealth Liberal Party i…
Public Protests: Types, Methods, Legal Context, and Political Impact Protest Overview of public protests: types, methods, legal frameworks, motives and political impact. Covers peaceful and disruptive tactics, rights and restrictions, effectiveness factors,…
Psephology: the study and analysis of elections Psephology Psephology is the empirical study of elections, voting behavior, and electoral systems, combining statistical methods, polling, and historical comparison to understand and forecast…
Québec debout (Groupe parlementaire québécois) Québec debout Québec debout was a Quebec-centred parliamentary group formed in 2018 by MPs who left the Bloc Québécois; it acted as an interim caucus in the House of Commons before members retur…
Radical Republicans: Origins, Goals, and Role in Reconstruction Radical Republican A concise overview of the Radical Republican faction in the U.S. Republican Party (c.1854–1877), their aims, major actions during Reconstruction, and their lasting political legacy…
Radikal — Turkish centre-left newspaper and cultural supplement Radikal Radikal was a nationwide Turkish daily known for its centre-left, social-liberal outlook, cultural coverage and the Sunday supplement Radikal2. It influenced public debate and lite…
Rand Paul’s 2016 Presidential Campaign (Republican nomination bid) Rand Paul 2016 presidential campaign Overview of Senator Rand Paul's 2016 bid for the Republican presidential nomination: launch, themes, organization, primary results and the campaign's political significance.
Ranking member (legislative committee position) Ranking member The ranking member is the most senior member of the minority party on a legislative committee in the U.S., serving as the minority party’s lead on committee business and often the…
Reagan coalition Broad electoral and political alignment centered on Ronald Reagan’s presidency: its components, origins, policy priorities, limits, and lasting influence on American politics.
Reagan Democrat A U.S. political term for traditionally Democratic voters who supported Ronald Reagan (and sometimes his successors) — their composition, causes, and impact on American elections.
Real Estate and Construction (Hong Kong Legislative Council functional constituency) Real Estate and Construction (constituency) A Legislative Council functional constituency representing major trade associations in Hong Kong’s real estate, construction and electromechanical contracting sectors, created in 1…
Realpolitik: practical statecraft and power-based politics Realpolitik Realpolitik is a practical approach to politics and diplomacy that prioritizes national interest and power over ideology or moral principles; used to describe pragmatic, often hard…
Rebellion: causes, forms, historical examples, and consequences Rebellion A concise overview of rebellion: refusal of authority, its causes and types (armed and nonviolent), notable historical examples, distinctions from related terms, and typical outcom…
