Organizations

Oxfam: International confederation for poverty relief, development and advocacy Oxfam Oxfam is a confederation of independent organisations working on humanitarian relief, sustainable development, fair trade and advocacy to reduce poverty and defend human rights sin…

Oxford University Press: history, structure, and global publishing Oxford University Press Overview of Oxford University Press, its governance, history, major publications, global expansion, production changes, and its role as the largest university press and a charity s…

Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE) Paedophile Information Exchange British pro-paedophile activist group founded in 1974 that sought changes to age-of-consent laws; small and controversial, it provoked public protest and later scrutiny over links…

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Palestine Liberation Organization Political organization founded in 1964 to represent Palestinians; historically combined armed struggle, diplomacy and governance roles and holds UN observer status since 1974.

Palestine Solidarity Campaign (UK) Palestine Solidarity Campaign UK advocacy organisation founded in 1982 that campaigns for Palestinian rights across England and Wales through public education, demonstrations, lobbying and grassroots mobilisati…

Paneuropean Union (Pan‑European Movement) Paneuropean Union A political and cultural movement founded in 1923 advocating European unity and federal cooperation to prevent war and promote common institutions across the countries of Europe.

Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti (PCJSS) Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti PCJSS is a political organization founded in 1973 to represent indigenous peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, known for advocacy of autonomy and its former armed wing, the Shant…

Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays PFLAG is a U.S. organization of family members and allies that supports LGBTQ people through peer support, education and advocacy. Founded in 1972, it operates local chapters and n…

Paris Opera Ballet Paris Opéra Ballet The Paris Opera Ballet is the world's oldest national ballet company, central to the development of classical ballet and still active as part of the Opéra National de Paris, primar…

Paris‑Saclay University: a French research and innovation hub Paris-Saclay University Public research university on the Saclay plateau near Paris, combining multiple schools and laboratories to pursue excellence in science, engineering and technology since 2014.

Partnership: types, legal forms, and social meaning Partnership Comprehensive overview of partnerships: definitions, common forms (business, personal, temporary), legal features, duties and liabilities, formation and dissolution, and practical…

Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space Universities (PEGASUS) Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space Universities PEGASUS is a European network of aeronautics and space universities that promotes cooperation in education, research and industry links across member institutions and with manufact…

Peace Corps: U.S. Volunteer Service for International Development Peace Corps The Peace Corps is an independent U.S. federal agency that sends American volunteers abroad to support education, health, agriculture, and community development while promoting cul…

Pan European Game Information (PEGI) PEGI PEGI is a European self‑regulatory system that assigns age and content ratings to video games to help consumers and retailers make informed choices across multiple countries.

Pembroke College, Oxford Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford, founded in 1624; it combines historic architecture, academic teaching through tutorials, and an active studen…

Pennsylvania Bar Association: voluntary professional organization for Pennsylvania lawyers Pennsylvania Bar Association The Pennsylvania Bar Association is a voluntary statewide association serving lawyers, judges and law students in Pennsylvania, providing education, advocacy, professional resource…

Pennsylvania Prison Society One of the oldest U.S. prison reform organizations, founded in Philadelphia in 1787 to assist incarcerated people, their families, and those returning to the community.

Pentagon Force Protection Agency Civilian Department of Defense agency that provides law enforcement, protective services, threat management and CBRNE response for the Pentagon, Navy Annex and assigned DoD facilit…

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals PETA is a prominent international animal rights nonprofit that campaigns against animal cruelty in food, clothing, research and entertainment through advocacy, investigations and p…

People in Need (Člověk v tísni) — Czech humanitarian and human rights NGO People In Need People in Need is a Czech non-governmental organisation delivering emergency relief, development aid and human-rights support internationally. Founded in 1992, it works in dozens o…

People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) People's Alliance for Democracy A Thai political pressure movement known as the Yellow Shirts, formed against Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and active through mass protests, airport seizures and prolonged sie…

Peoples Temple and the Jonestown tragedy Peoples Temple Peoples Temple was a religious movement founded by Jim Jones in 1955 that grew in the United States and established a remote settlement in Guyana; it is best known for the mass dea…

Peterhouse, Cambridge: England's Oldest College and Its Legacy Peterhouse, Cambridge Peterhouse, founded in 1284 and located on Trumpington Street, is the University of Cambridge's oldest and one of its smallest colleges, known for medieval architecture, scholarly…

Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust A large Aboriginal land trust in southwest Northern Territory, Australia, established in 1978; home to Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Luritja people and covering most of the f…

PGA Tour — United States professional golf tours and organization PGA Tour The PGA Tour is the main organizer of professional men's golf tournaments in the United States, operating multiple tours, running a season-long championship system, and managing pl…

Phi Beta Kappa: America's Oldest Academic Honor Society Phi Beta Kappa Phi Beta Kappa is the oldest U.S. academic honor society, recognizing excellence in the liberal arts and sciences through membership, awards, and public programs.

Philadelphia Atoms (NASL soccer club) Philadelphia Atoms Professional soccer club from Philadelphia that competed in the North American Soccer League from 1973–1976 and won the league title in its inaugural season.

Philadelphia Orchestra One of the United States' leading symphony orchestras, founded in 1900 and known for its distinctive string sound, extensive recording history, and seasonal performances in Philade…

Philatelic International (Filintern): an international society of worker‑collectors Philatelic International Filintern was an international society of worker-collectors active from the 1920s to the 1940s, promoting stamp collecting as cultural work, organizing exchanges, publications, exh…

Philipps University of Marburg — history, structure, and research strengths Philipps University of Marburg Philipps University of Marburg, founded in 1527 by Landgrave Philipp of Hesse, is Germany's oldest Protestant university. The public institution is known for medicine, natural scie…

Pioneer movement (youth organisations in socialist and communist contexts) Pioneer movement State-linked youth organisations originating in the 20th century that combined outdoor education and civic training with support for communist parties; notable for symbols like the…

Pirate Party UK — digital rights and copyright reform (2009–2020) Pirate Party UK British political party (2009–2020) focused on copyright and patent reform, privacy, limits on surveillance, free expression and open government, part of the international pirate m…

Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra — overview, history, and role in the city Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO) is a major American symphony orchestra based at Heinz Hall in Pittsburgh, known for concerts, recordings, tours, and community and education…

Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Graduate seminary in the Reformed tradition in East Liberty, Pittsburgh, offering scripture-based theological education, ministry formation, research collections, and programs such…

Plane Stupid — UK direct-action campaign against airport expansion Plane Stupid Plane Stupid is a UK grassroots environmental group, founded in 2005, that uses non‑violent direct action to oppose airport expansion and draw attention to aviation's environmental…

Planned Parenthood: U.S. reproductive health provider and advocacy organization Planned Parenthood Overview of Planned Parenthood, an American nonprofit network providing sexual and reproductive health care, education, advocacy and services through clinics, affiliates and partne…

Pokémon crime organizations: an overview of villainous teams Pokémon crime organizations An encyclopedia overview of recurring criminal organizations in Pokémon games, anime and manga: their aims, methods, notable teams, evolution across generations, and cultural role…

Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) Police Service of Northern Ireland The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) is the civilian police force formed in 2001 to succeed the Royal Ulster Constabulary; it provides policing, public protection and comm…

Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) Polish Academy of Sciences National learned society and network of research institutes in Poland, coordinating scientific research, publishing, and advisory activity from its seat in Warsaw.

Pomona College — Private liberal arts college in Claremont, California Pomona College Pomona College is a selective private liberal arts college in Claremont, California, founded in 1887. Known for small classes, close faculty mentorship, campus in the Claremont Col…

Pontifical Academy of Sciences Vatican-based international scientific academy tracing its roots to the Accademia dei Lincei (1603). It convenes leading researchers, publishes findings, and advises the Holy See o…

Pontifical Catholic University of Chile A major private Catholic university in Santiago, founded in 1888. Known for broad academic programs, research, and public engagement, it is a leading institution in Chilean higher…

Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC‑Rio) Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Private Catholic university in Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, founded in 1941; known for strong programs in engineering, social sciences, humanities and early entrepreneurship education.

Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG) Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais Private Catholic university in Minas Gerais, Brazil, founded in 1958; a major teaching and research institution with several campuses, diverse programs and national recognition amo…

Port Authority Police (Port Authority of New York & New Jersey) Port Authority Police Bi‑state law enforcement agency that secures and polices facilities owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, including airports, bridges, tunnels and seaports.

Portuguese Football Federation The governing body for football in Portugal, the Federação Portuguesa de Futebol oversees domestic competitions, national teams, and development across men's, women's, youth, futsa…

PragerU (Prager University) PragerU PragerU is a media organization that produces short videos promoting conservative viewpoints. Founded in 2009 by Dennis Prager and Allen Estrin, it is a branded educational platfor…

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood: origins, style, and cultural influence Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood A concise account of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (founded 1848), its aims, key members, techniques, major works and lasting influence on Victorian art, literature and decorative…