12 Apostles (record label) Independent vinyl-focused record label operating from London and Brooklyn, specializing in 12-inch releases and distributed in the UK by Cargo International.
26th of July Movement (Movimiento 26 de Julio) 26th of July Movement Cuban revolutionary organization formed after the 1953 Moncada attack. Led by Fidel Castro, it waged guerrilla war against Fulgencio Batista and later fused into Cuba's communist p…
4-H (United States youth development organization) 4-H 4-H is a U.S. youth development movement administered by USDA NIFA. Centered on head, heart, hands, and health, it uses experiential learning to build leadership, life skills, citi…
A.S.D. Stuoie Baracca Lugo A.S.D. Stuoie Baracca Lugo is an Italian amateur football club from Lugo (Emilia-Romagna). The club operates at regional levels, focusing on local competition, youth development an…
Aboriginal Land Trust (Australia): purpose, law, and functioning Aboriginal Land Trust An Aboriginal Land Trust (ALT) is a legal entity in Australia that holds inalienable land on behalf of Aboriginal communities; arrangements, history, and how ALTs differ from other…
Abu Kabir Forensic Institute (L. Greenberg National Institute of Forensic Medicine) Abu Kabir Forensic Institute Israel’s national forensic medical institute in Tel Aviv, responsible for medicolegal autopsies, identification, toxicology, forensic pathology, research and training.
AC Ajaccio (Athletic Club Ajaccio) AC Ajaccio AC Ajaccio is a professional football club from Ajaccio, Corsica, known for red-and-white colours, a strong local identity and regular participation in France’s top two divisions.…
AC Mogadiscio — Italian community football club in Mogadishu AC Mogadiscio AC Mogadiscio was an Italian community football club in Mogadishu (1933–1960), active during Italian Somaliland and the later UN trusteeship; it helped introduce organized football…
Academia: institutions, roles, history, and contemporary issues Academia An overview of academia: its institutions, roles in research and education, historical origins, core functions, and current challenges such as funding, evaluation, and public engag…
Académie de l'air et de l'espace (AAE) — French air and space academy Académie de l'air et de l'espace French non-profit academy founded in 1983 to promote knowledge, debate and education in aeronautics and space, based in Toulouse and involving professionals, researchers and educat…
Académie française France's preeminent council for the French language, founded in 1635. It advises on usage, publishes a dictionary, elects 40 members known as "les immortels," and sits within the I…
Academy: institution of learning, research and honor Academy An academy is a formal body dedicated to education, research, professional training, or honorific membership. It traces its name to Plato's ancient school and now denotes a wide ra…
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Professional honorary organization of film industry practitioners, best known for the annual Academy Awards (Oscars); it promotes cinematic arts, preserves historical material and…
Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH) Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina National academy and leading non-university research institution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, based in Sarajevo; promotes science, arts, scholarship and cultural heritage.
Academy of the Hebrew Language Israel's official institute for the Hebrew language: its history, functions, organization, and role in standardizing and modernizing Hebrew.
Acaric — Japanese educational services provider and developer of Cloud LaTeX Acaric Acaric is a Tokyo-based company offering education and recruitment support for graduate students and early-career researchers, and the developer of Cloud LaTeX, an online LaTeX com…
Acid Survivors Foundation (Bangladesh) Acid Survivors Foundation Bangladeshi non-profit that supports survivors of acid attacks through medical care, legal aid, rehabilitation and prevention advocacy, founded in 1999 with international support.
Act Against Bullying — UK charity supporting children and young people Act Against Bullying Act Against Bullying is a UK charity supporting children and young people affected by bullying. It provides information, resources, training and partnership work with schools, fami…
The Actors Studio Actors Studio The Actors Studio is a New York membership organization founded in 1947, known for training professional actors, directors and playwrights and for its influence on American method…
Ad Council (Advertising Council) Ad Council The Ad Council is a U.S. non-profit organization that develops and distributes public service advertising for government and nonprofit sponsors, coordinating donated creative and m…
Administrator: roles, types, and responsibilities Administrator An administrator is a person who organizes, oversees, and maintains systems or organizations. This article explains common duties, contexts (corporate, public, IT, legal), history,…
Aéro-Club de France: history, role and legacy of the world's oldest aeronautical institution Aéro-Club de France Founded in Paris on 20 October 1898, the Aéro-Club de France is a pioneering organization that promoted early flight, organized competitions, certified pilots and continues to supp…
Aérocentre — Aerospace cluster of Centre‑Val de Loire, France Aérocentre Aérocentre is a regional French aerospace cluster based in Centre‑Val de Loire that groups companies and research centres; it supports over 321 organisations and around 20,000 jobs…
Aerospace Valley — France’s aeronautics and space cluster in southwest France Aerospace Valley Aerospace Valley is a major French aeronautics and space cluster centered around Toulouse, grouping companies, research centres and universities across Occitanie and Nouvelle-Aquit…
AFI (acronym): common meanings and contexts AFI AFI is an initialism used by multiple organizations and entities — most notably the American Film Institute, the band AFI (A Fire Inside), the Australian Film Institute, and the Al…
AFL–CIO: History, Structure, and Role of the U.S. Labor Federation AFL–CIO The AFL–CIO is the largest federation of labor unions in the United States, formed in 1955 by a merger of the AFL and CIO; it coordinates union activity, political advocacy, and wo…
African National Congress (ANC) African National Congress The African National Congress is South Africa's long-standing centre-left political party, formed in 1912 to advance the rights of Black South Africans and later central to the ant…
African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) African National Congress Youth League The ANCYL is the youth wing of the African National Congress, founded in 1944 to mobilize young South Africans against apartheid; it has shaped ANC policy, trained leaders and rema…
African Petroleum Producers Association (APPA) African Petroleum Producers Association Regional association of African oil-producing countries founded in 1986 and based in Brazzaville, promoting cooperation in petroleum policy, capacity building, information exchange…
African Union: Purpose, Structure, History and Future Goals African Union Overview of the African Union (AU): its origins, main organs, objectives, achievements, challenges and long-term ambitions such as continental integration and a single currency.
Aftonbladet: Sweden’s long-established evening newspaper Aftonbladet Aftonbladet is a major Swedish daily founded in 1830. Begun as a liberal paper by Lars Johan Hierta, it later came under the Social Democratic movement and remains influential in S…
Agency: organizations, legal relationships, and roles acting on others' behalf Agency An agency is an organization or relationship in which one party acts for or represents another. Covers types (commercial, governmental, talent), legal principles, duties of agents,…
Agent Orange (band): American surf‑punk pioneers from Orange County Agent Orange (band) Agent Orange is an American punk band from Orange County, California, known for blending surf rock with hardcore punk. They rose to prominence with the single “Bloodstains” and the…
Agos: Armenian–Turkish Weekly Newspaper Published in Istanbul Agos Agos is a bilingual Armenian and Turkish weekly newspaper founded in Istanbul in 1996. Known for advocacy of minority rights and dialogue, it gained international attention after t…
AIESEC: International student leadership and exchange organization AIESEC AIESEC is a global, student-led non-profit founded in 1948 to foster cross-cultural understanding and leadership through internships, volunteer exchanges and youth-led projects in…
Ain al‑Yaqeen (Heart of the Matter) Ain al-Yaqeen Ain al‑Yaqeen is an Arab weekly news magazine focused on politics, offering analysis, interviews, opinion and investigative features for readers interested in current affairs acros…
Airbus Training Centre Europe — Blagnac (Toulouse) training facility Airbus Training Centre Europe Airbus Training Centre Europe in Blagnac (near Toulouse) provides type-specific training for flight crews and maintenance personnel on Airbus aircraft, and is part of Airbus’s glob…
Airline alliance A cooperative arrangement among airlines to coordinate routes, services and customer benefits. Major global alliances—Star Alliance, SkyTeam and Oneworld—enable wider networks and…
Airport lounge A member-focused waiting area in airports offering comfort, work facilities, refreshments and business services; access is by ticket class, status, membership or day pass.
Akademio de Esperanto (Academy of Esperanto) Akademio de Esperanto Independent advisory body that monitors and guides the development of Esperanto, preserving its principles and offering normative recommendations on grammar, vocabulary and usage.
Al Tahaddy Sports Club (Benghazi, Libya) Al Tahaddy Sports Club Al Tahaddy Sports Club is a Benghazi-based team best known for its football section. The club competes in Libyan national competitions and plays a role in local sport, youth develo…
Al Wasl Sports Club Al Wasl SC Dubai-based multisport club best known for its football team. Prominent in UAE sport for its yellow kit, home at Zabeel Stadium, youth development, regional competition and a color…
Al‑Abbas Brigade (Kata'ib al‑Abbas) Al-Abbas brigade A Syrian Shia militia formed in late 2011 to defend Shia holy sites and support pro-government forces during the Syrian Civil War; primarily defensive in tactics and local in organ…
Al-Ahly (Al-Ahli): name, clubs and cultural role Al-Ahly Al-Ahly (Arabic الأهلي) is a common name for sports and social clubs across the Arab world. This article explains the name, notable clubs, history, activities, and cultural importa…
Al-Ahly SC (Benghazi) Al-Ahly Sporting Club of Benghazi is a leading Libyan football club from Benghazi, competing in the Libyan league system and appearing in domestic and continental competitions.
Al-Azhar University: Cairo’s historic centre of Islamic learning Al-Azhar University Al-Azhar is a mosque and university in Cairo, renowned as a global centre for Arabic language and Sunni Islamic scholarship. Founded in 975, it remains one of the world's oldest co…
Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli) Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli) is a leading Libyan football club from Tripoli, competing in the country's top division and known for domestic success, continental appearances and a heat…
Al‑Nusra Front (Jabhat al‑Nusra): origins, role and evolution Al-Nusra Front Al‑Nusra Front (Jabhat al‑Nusra) was a Salafist militant faction in the Syrian Civil War, once seen as al‑Qaeda’s Syrian affiliate and later rebranded and merged into other insurge…
