Organizations

France AEROTECH — French network of aeronautical and space engineering grandes écoles France AEROTECH France AEROTECH is a consortium of French engineering schools formed to coordinate aeronautics and space education, international programs, research collaboration and industry part…

France Aviation Civile Services A French state-founded consulting company established in 2013 that provides regulatory, safety and air navigation expertise to governments, airports, ANSPs and industry worldwide.

Francis Crick Institute: UK biomedical research centre in London Francis Crick Institute Major London biomedical research hub founded by multiple partners in 2016. Focuses on fundamental biology and translational science with large staff, advanced facilities and public…

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Major German national daily newspaper founded after WWII, known for in-depth reporting, a center-right editorial outlook, broad business and international coverage, and influence a…

Fraternities and Sororities Voluntary social organizations found mainly on North American campuses. They use Greek-letter names, organize chapters and housing, and focus on social life, leadership, philanthro…

Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington Research library and archive at Mount Vernon dedicated to preserving George Washington's papers, supporting scholarship, exhibitions, and public programs since its 2013 dedication.

Free Software Foundation Nonprofit organization promoting the freedom to use, study, modify and share software; established 1985 to support the GNU Project and the broader free software movement.

Freedom of Assembly and Association: Rights, Limits, and Importance Freedom of assembly Overview of the right to gather and organize peacefully, its legal features, historical development, common forms and limits, and how it differs from related civic freedoms.

Freedom Riders: 1961 civil rights activists who challenged bus segregation Freedom Riders Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 to press enforcement of Supreme Court rulings against segregation; met arrest, v…

Freemasonry: history, organization, beliefs and public role Freemasonry Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization with roots in medieval stonemasons’ guilds. This article summarizes its origins, structure, practices, charitable work, controvers…

French Academy of Sciences Learned society founded in 1666 to promote scientific research in France; influential in the development of modern science, advising government, publishing findings, awarding prize…

Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) Freshwater Biological Association British charity founded in 1929 to advance freshwater biology through research support, publications, a specialist library, training and public engagement from its base on Winderme…

Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG Research institute in Dahlem, Berlin, established 1911 (as Kaiser Wilhelm Institute); part of the Max Planck Society, known for physical chemistry, surface science, and molecular-s…

Fuller Theological Seminary Interdenominational evangelical seminary in Pasadena, California, founded in 1947. Known for programs in theology, intercultural studies and psychology and for a diverse, internati…

Funeral for a Friend Welsh post-hardcore band from Bridgend formed in 2001, noted for mixing melodic hooks with aggressive dynamics, emotive vocals and a prominent role in the early-2000s UK alternativ…

G20 developing nations A coalition of developing countries formed in 2003 to coordinate positions in international trade talks, especially on agricultural issues. Distinct from the G20 major economies, i…

Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) Gaelic Athletic Association Ireland's volunteer sporting and cultural organisation promoting Gaelic games, music, dance and the Irish language; organiser of club and county competitions including the All-Irel…

GAIS — Gothenburg football club and four-time Swedish champions GAIS GAIS is a historic association football club from Gothenburg, Sweden, noted for green-and-black colours, four national titles (1919, 1922, 1931, 1954) and a prominent local support…

Galician Wikipedia (Galego) — the Galician-language edition of Wikipedia Galician Wikipedia Galician Wikipedia (A enciclopedia libre en galego or Galipedia) is the Galician-language edition of Wikipedia, launched in March 2003 and maintained by a volunteer community of ed…

Gambino crime family One of New York City's major organized crime families, historically led by figures such as Carlo Gambino and later John Gotti; known for involvement in racketeering, labor influenc…

Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation GLAAD is a U.S. media advocacy organization founded in 1985 to promote fair, accurate public representations of LGBTQ people and to challenge defamatory or harmful coverage in news…

Genovese crime family One of New York City's principal Mafia families, historically powerful and secretive; known for organized crime activities, hierarchical structure, and long influence over unions a…

George Mason University: Overview, History, Campuses, and Academic Profile George Mason University Public research university in Fairfax, Virginia, founded in 1957 and named for Founding Father George Mason; known for diverse undergraduate and graduate programs, proximity to Was…

George W. Bush Presidential Center A presidential library, museum, and policy complex on Southern Methodist University's campus in Dallas, Texas, dedicated in April 2013 to preserve records, support research, and ho…

Georgetown University: Overview, History, and Academic Profile Georgetown University A concise encyclopedic overview of Georgetown University: its Jesuit Catholic identity, campuses and schools, historical development including ties to slavery, academic focus, and…

Georgia Institute of Technology Public research university in Atlanta known as Georgia Tech, focused on engineering, computing and sciences, with notable history in practical education, integration, and technolog…

Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) Geospatial Information Authority of Japan Japan's national agency for surveying, mapping, geodetic control and geospatial information management, based in Tsukuba and part of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport…

German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) German Academic Exchange Service Germany's largest organization for international academic cooperation, providing scholarships, research funding and information; founded 1925, headquartered in Bonn and funded main…

German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) German Football Association The Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB) is the governing body for football in Germany, overseeing national teams, amateur and youth development, refereeing and national cup competitions s…

German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) German National Library The German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) is Germany's central archival library and bibliographic authority, collecting and documenting German-language and Germany-…

German Wikipedia (Deutschsprachige Wikipedia) German Wikipedia The German-language edition of Wikipedia, launched in 2001; a major online encyclopedia maintained by volunteers, notable for its size, community governance, and language-specific…

Getty Conservation Institute The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) is a program of the J. Paul Getty Trust in Los Angeles that advances preservation of cultural heritage through research, field work, training…

Getty Foundation Philanthropic program of the J. Paul Getty Trust that awards grants for preservation, research, leadership, and access in the visual arts; based at the Getty Center in Los Angeles.

Getty Research Institute The Getty Research Institute (GRI) is a research center at the Getty Center in Los Angeles that supports scholarship in the visual arts through collections, fellowships, exhibition…

Gideonsbergs IF Gideonsbergs IF is a multi-sport club from Västerås, Sweden, best known for its successful women's football team that won the national championship in 1992 and the Swedish Cup in 1…

GIF Sundsvall — Swedish football club from Sundsvall GIF Sundsvall GIF Sundsvall is a football club from Sundsvall, Sweden, known for periodic appearances in Allsvenskan, a strong local identity, the mascot Giffen, and a focus on regional youth de…

GIFAS — Group of French Aerospace Industries GIFAS GIFAS is the French trade association for aerospace and space industries, founded in 1908. It represents over 260 companies, coordinates industrial interests, and promotes innovati…

Girl Guides: origins, principles, and global movement Girl Guides A concise overview of the Girl Guides: founding history, core principles such as the Promise and 'Be Prepared', typical activities, organisation by age, World Thinking Day and the…

Girl Scouts of the USA A U.S. not-for-profit Scouting organization for girls, founded in 1912 by Juliette Gordon Low; known for leadership development, community service, and the annual cookie program.

Girlicious (American pop girl group) Girlicious Girlicious were a pop‑R&B girl group assembled by Robin Antin through a reality show. Known for choreographed performances and radio singles, they released a debut album and later…

Girls' Generation (SNSD) — South Korean girl group and cultural influence Girls' Generation Girls' Generation (SNSD) is a South Korean pop girl group formed by SM Entertainment in 2007. Known for synchronized choreography, hit singles and a devoted fanbase called S♡NE, me…

Glee Club: history, structure, and cultural role Glee club An overview of the glee club: its origins as a vocal ensemble, typical repertoire and organization, historical development in schools and colleges, and its cultural significance.

Gob (Canadian punk rock band) Gob Gob is a Burnaby, British Columbia punk rock band formed in 1994, known for high-energy pop-punk, distorted guitars, and songs licensed to Electronic Arts sports video games; activ…

Goethe-Institut The Goethe-Institut is a non-profit German cultural organization (est. 1951) that promotes the German language, runs worldwide cultural programs and offers standardized language ex…

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Historic constituent college of the University of Cambridge, refounded in 1557 by John Caius; noted for medieval and later architecture, a medical tradition, formal dining and acti…

Goodie Mob: Atlanta hip hop collective and pioneers of Southern rap Goodie Mob Goodie Mob is an influential Atlanta hip hop group known for politically and socially conscious Southern rap, distinctive vocal interplay, and a career spanning from the 1990s to t…

Gorgoroth — Norwegian black metal band Gorgoroth Gorgoroth is a Norwegian black metal band formed by Infernus in 1992. Known for a raw sound, satanic imagery, theatrical live shows and lineup disputes, they remain a controversial…

Grameen Bank — pioneer of microcredit in rural Bangladesh Grameen Bank A concise overview of Grameen Bank: its purpose, lending model, history under Muhammad Yunus, social and economic impact, criticisms and global influence on microfinance.