History

Eichō (Japanese era, 1096–1097) Eichō Eichō (永長) was a short Japanese era name (nengō) that lasted from December 1096 to November 1097 during the reign of Emperor Horikawa, between the Kahō and Jōtoku eras.

Eien (永延): a short Heian-period Japanese era name Eien Eien was a brief Japanese era (nengō) of the Heian period from April 987 to August 988, during the reign of Emperor Ichijō. It succeeded Kanna and preceded Eiso.

Eighty Years' War (Dutch Revolt) Eighty Years' War A summary of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), the Dutch struggle for independence from Habsburg Spain, its phases, key events, and long-term political and economic consequences.

Eihō (永保): Japanese era name, February 1081–April 1084 Eihō Eihō (永保) was a Japanese era name (nengō) covering February 1081 to April 1084 during the reign of Emperor Shirakawa in the mid-Heian period.

Eiji (1141–1142): a short Japanese era of imperial transition Eiji (era) Eiji was a Japanese era name from July 1141 to April 1142, spanning the end of Emperor Sutoku's reign and the accession of Emperor Konoe during the late Heian period.

Eikan (Japanese era, 983–985) Eikan Eikan (永観) was a Japanese era name from April 983 to April 985 in the Heian period, following Tengen and preceding Kanna; the reigning emperors were En'yu and Kazan.

Eikyō: Japanese era of the Muromachi shogunate (1429–1441) Eikyō Eikyō (永享) was a Japanese nengō from September 1429 to February 1441, spanning the early Muromachi period under Emperor Go-Hanazono and marked by Ashikaga Yoshinori's strong rule a…

Eikyū (永久): Japanese era name, July 1113–April 1118 Eikyū Eikyū (永久) was the Japanese era name (nengō) from July 1113 to April 1118 during the Heian period, reigning under Emperor Toba. It followed Ten'ei and preceded Gen'ei and is used f…

Eiman (1165–1166) Japanese era Eiman Eiman was a Japanese era name (nengō) that lasted from June 1165 to August 1166, overlapping the early reign of Emperor Rokujō in the late Heian period and the era of cloistered an…

Einin (Japanese era, 1293–1299) Einin Einin (永仁) was a Japanese era name from August 1293 to April 1299, spanning part of the late Kamakura period and the reigns of Emperors Fushimi and Go‑Fushimi.

Eiroku (1558–1570): Japanese era of the mid‑Sengoku period Eiroku Eiroku (永禄) was a Japanese era name from February 1558 to April 1570 during the turbulent Sengoku period, overlapping the rise of major warlords and Emperor Ōgimachi's reign.

Eiryaku (Japanese era, 1160–1161) Eiryaku Eiryaku (永暦) was a short Japanese era from January 1160 to September 1161 during the late Heian period, spanning the reign of Emperor Nijō and the political rise of the Taira samur…

Eishō: Japanese era names and an imperial consort Eishō Eishō refers to two historical Japanese era names (distinct kanji, different centuries) and an empress consort. This article explains the meanings, contexts, and how the same readi…

Eishō (Heian period): Japanese era 1046–1053 Eishō (Heian period) Eishō (永承) was a Japanese era name from April 1046 to January 1053 during the Heian period, overlapping the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei and a time of Fujiwara regency and court cult…

Eishō (1504–1521) — Japanese era of the late Muromachi period Eishō (Muromachi period) Eishō was a Japanese era name from 1504 to 1521 during the late Muromachi period, overlapping the reign of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara and a time of rising regional warlords and cultura…

Eiso (永祚) — Japanese era name during Emperor Ichijō's reign Eiso Eiso (永祚) was a Japanese era name from August 988 through November 990 during the reign of Emperor Ichijō in the Heian period. It followed Eien and preceded Shōryaku.

Eitoku (Japanese era name, 1381–1384) Eitoku Eitoku (永徳) was the era name adopted by the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period, spanning February 1381 to February 1384, overlapping rival imperial claimants in Yoshino.

Eiwa (1375–1379) — Japanese era name of the Northern Court Eiwa Eiwa was a Japanese era name used by the Northern Court from February 1375 to March 1379 during the Nanboku-chō divided-court era. It overlapped rival reigns in Kyoto and Yoshino.

Elam: Ancient civilization of southwestern Iran Elam Elam was an ancient civilization east of Mesopotamia in what is now southwestern Iran. It developed distinctive language, art and institutions and interacted closely with neighbori…

Eldiguzids (Ildegizids): The Atabeg Dynasty of Azerbaijan, 1136–1225 Eldiguzids A medieval Turkic atabeg dynasty that governed large parts of the Caucasus and western Iran from 1136 to 1225, creating a semi-independent polity and shaping regional politics and…

Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz): history, government and legacy Electoral Palatinate The Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the 11th century to secularisation in 1803, known for its electors, Heidelberg university…

Elizabeth of Doberschütz Elizabeth of Doberschütz was executed for alleged witchcraft in Stettin on 17 December 1751. Her case is a late example of European witch trials and illustrates legal and social pr…

Elizabethan era (1558–1603): England under Queen Elizabeth I Elizabethan era Period of English history during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603), noted for political consolidation, religious settlement, flourishing arts, exploration, and economic growth.

Elmet — Early medieval Brittonic kingdom in Yorkshire Elmet Elmet was a Brittonic kingdom in what became West Yorkshire during the Early Middle Ages, surviving into the Anglo-Saxon era before being absorbed by expanding Anglian kingdoms. It…

Emancipation Proclamation The 1863 executive order by President Abraham Lincoln declaring freedom for enslaved people in Confederate-held territories and reshaping the Civil War’s aims and aftermath.

Emirate of Granada (Nasrid kingdom): history, society, and legacy Emirate of Granada The Emirate of Granada (1238–1492) was the last Muslim state in medieval Iberia. This article outlines its origins, government, economy, cultural achievements such as the Alhambra,…

Emperor Ankō — twentieth monarch in Japan's traditional succession Emperor Ankō Emperor Ankō is traditionally listed as the 20th sovereign in Japan's imperial sequence. Reliable contemporary records are lacking; accounts derive from later chronicles and archae…

Emperor Itoku: Legendary Fourth Sovereign of Early Japan Emperor Itoku Emperor Itoku is traditionally listed as Japan's fourth emperor in ancient chronicles. Regarded as a legendary figure, his name and sequence were fixed later and attested chiefly i…

Emperor Seinei, 22nd Emperor of Japan (traditional account) Emperor Seinei Emperor Seinei is the 22nd traditional monarch of Japan. Known from early chronicles, his reign and life lack firm dates; his posthumous name and succession details come from later…

Empire of Brazil (1822–1889) Empire of Brazil A constitutional monarchy in South America from 1822 to 1889, formed after independence from Portugal. Known for the reigns of Pedro I and Pedro II, economic growth, the abolition…

Empire of Japan (1868–1945) Empire of Japan A concise overview of the Empire of Japan: its formation in the Meiji era, modernization, imperial expansion, role in World War II, and postwar transformation under Allied occupati…

Empire of Nicaea Byzantine Greek successor state (1204–1261) centered at Nicaea that preserved imperial institutions after the Fourth Crusade and restored Byzantine rule in Constantinople.

En'ō era En'ō En'ō was a short Japanese era name used from 1239 to 1240 during the reign of Emperor Shijō in the Kamakura period.

Enbun (Japanese era, 1356–1361) Enbun Enbun (also Embun) was a Japanese era name of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period, lasting from March 1356 to March 1361. It overlapped with competing Southern Court y…

Enchō (Japanese era name, 923–931) Enchō Enchō (延長) was a Japanese era name from April 923 to April 931, covering the late reign of Emperor Daigo and the succession of Emperor Suzaku during the Heian period.

Engen (延元), the Southern Court era name during the Nanboku-chō conflict (1336–1340) Engen Engen (延元) was the era name used by Japan's Southern Court from February 1336 to April 1340 during the Nanboku-chō rivalry, associated with Emperors Go‑Daigo and Go‑Murakami and op…

Engi (Japanese era, 901–923) Engi (era) Engi was a Japanese era name from July 901 to April 923 during the Heian period, spanning much of Emperor Daigo's reign and associated with administrative codification and court cu…

English Civil War: causes, course, and consequences English Civil War A clear, concise overview of the English Civil War (mid-17th century): origins, principal actors, major events across England, Scotland and Ireland, and the political and constitut…

English and British claims to the French throne English claims to the French throne Claims by English and later British monarchs to the French crown, originating with Edward III in the 14th century, shaping the Hundred Years' War and persisting as a royal title un…

English Interregnum (1649–1660): Commonwealth and Protectorate English Interregnum The English Interregnum was the kingless interval after the Civil War (1649–1660) when England and Wales were governed by parliament, the army, and later by Oliver Cromwell as Lord…

Enkyō (Japanese era name) Enkyo Enkyō refers to two distinct Japanese era names (nengō): Enkyō (延慶) of the Kamakura period (1308–1311) and Enkyō (延享) of the mid-Edo period (1744–1748).

Enkyō (1744–1748): a Japanese era of the mid-Edo period Enkyō (Edo period) Enkyō was a Japanese era name lasting from February 1744 to July 1748, spanning the late reign of Emperor Sakuramachi and the accession of Emperor Momozono during the stable mid-Ed…

Enkyō (1308–1311): a Japanese era of the Kamakura period Enkyō (Kamakura period) Enkyō (延慶) was a Japanese era name from October 1308 to April 1311 during the Kamakura period, when Emperor Hanazono occupied the throne; its naming was linked to a great comet sig…

Enkyū (Japanese era, 1069–1074) Enkyū Enkyū was a Japanese era name (nengō) from April 1069 to August 1074 during the mid-Heian period, spanning the reigns of Emperors Go-Sanjō and Shirakawa and marked by political shi…

Enpō (Japanese era, 1673–1681) Enpō Enpō (延宝) was a Japanese era name from September 1673 to September 1681 during the Edo period, marking the reign of Emperor Reigen and a shogunal transition under the Tokugawa baku…

Enryaku — Japanese era name (782–806) Enryaku Enryaku (782–806) was a Japanese era under Emperor Kammu marked by the founding of Enryaku-ji, moves of the capital, northern military campaigns, and developments that led into the…

Entente cordiale: the 1904 Anglo‑French understanding and its consequences Entente cordiale The Entente cordiale (1904) were agreements that ended long-standing Anglo‑French rivalry, defined colonial spheres, improved relations and helped pave the way for the Triple Enten…

Entoku (Japanese era, 1489–1492) Entoku Entoku (延徳) was a Japanese era name from August 1489 to July 1492 during the reign of Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, set amid the late Muromachi period of political unrest and cultural a…