406 BC A year in the late Classical period marked by the Athenian naval victory at Arginusae during the Peloponnesian War and political consequences in Athens; situated within the pre‑Jul…
411 BC 411 BC, a year in the classical Greek era and the pre-Julian Roman calendar, notable for the Athenian oligarchic coup of the Four Hundred and continued conflict of the Peloponnesia…
418 (year) 418 Events and significance of the year 418 AD, including Roman political context, the settlement of the Visigoths in Aquitaine, church decisions against Pelagianism, and papal success…
Year 428 (CDXXVIII) 428 Year 428 (CDXXVIII) was a leap year of the Julian calendar during the late Roman Empire. Notable for ecclesiastical change in Constantinople and events that presaged Vandal activit…
AD 43 43 AD 43 was a common year of the Julian calendar notable for the Roman invasion of Britain and for being identified in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Vitellius.
43 BC — Roman Republic: power struggles and the rise of the Second Triumvirate 43 BC A pivotal year in Roman history marked by civil war after Caesar's assassination: the consular struggles at Mutina, the deaths of leading figures, and the formation of the Second T…
430 BC: Peloponnesian War developments and the Athenian plague 430 BC Overview of 430 BC: early Peloponnesian War operations—Spartan raids and Athenian naval sorties—and the catastrophic Athenian plague, its social, military and political effects, an…
44 BC — The Year of Caesar's Assassination and Roman Transition 44 BC Year marked by Julius Caesar's assassination, a disputed Julian-calendar reckoning, and the opening of the power struggle that ended the Roman Republic.
Year 45 (AD): Roman consuls, Claudius's reign, and global context 45 AD 45 was a common year of the Julian calendar, named for the consulship of Vinicius and Sabinus. It fell under Emperor Claudius in Rome and Emperor Guangwu in the Eastern Han dyna…
45 BC — first year of the Julian calendar 45 BC 45 BC was a transitional year in the late Roman Republic: Julius Caesar was sole consul, the Julian calendar began, and the last major Pompeian resistance was defeated in Hispania.
46 BC — The Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lepidus 46 BC 46 BC was the last year of Rome's pre-Julian calendar, marked by Julius Caesar's African victory and sweeping reforms, including a calendar realignment that produced the so-called…
Year 47 (AD) 47 Year 47 (AD) was a common year of the Julian calendar, known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Vitellius; it falls in the 1st century and saw continued Roman cons…
Year 47 BC: Julius Caesar, the Alexandrine campaign, and the Battle of Zela 47 BC A summary of the political and military events of 47 BC, when Julius Caesar exercised dictatorial power, campaigned in Egypt, and defeated Pharnaces II at Zela, shaping the late Ro…
Year 477 (AD 477) 477 AD 477 was a common year of the Julian calendar during late antiquity. This article outlines political conditions across the Eastern Roman Empire, post‑Roman Italy, Britain, and Ea…
479 BC — key events and significance 479 BC Year marked by decisive Greek victories against Persia (Plataea and Mycale), the death of Confucius, and the beginning of Ionian liberation; pivotal for Greek ascendancy in the eas…
Year 48 (AD) 48 AD 48 was a leap year in the Julian calendar. Known in Rome by its consuls, it sits in the middle of the 1st century and reflects Roman imperial administration, provincial activity…
48 BC — Roman civil war, Battle of Pharsalus and Pompey's flight 48 BC 48 BC was a pivotal year of the late Roman Republic, highlighted by Julius Caesar's victory over Pompey, Pompey's flight to Egypt and murder, and Caesar's intervention in Egyptian…
Year 483 (CDLXXXIII) 483 An overview of the year 483 (CDLXXXIII): its calendar placement, chronological notation, and the political and cultural context of late antiquity in which it occurred.
49 BC: Caesar's Crossing and the Opening of the Roman Civil War 49 BC A pivotal year when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon, triggering civil war in Rome; campaigns in Italy, Spain and Massilia followed, reshaping the late Roman Republic.
491 (AD): Death of Emperor Zeno and Accession of Anastasius I 491 Events of 491 AD: Emperor Zeno dies in Constantinople, Anastasius I is swiftly chosen, crowned and married to Ariadne, marking the start of policies that stabilized and reformed th…
495 BC A year in the early classical era marked by developments across the Roman Republic, the Persian Empire, Greek city-states, and East Asia during the Spring and Autumn period.
Year 497 (AD): political and chronological overview 497 A concise reference for the year 497 AD: calendar placement, political context across Eurasia, religious developments and notable facts connected to late 5th-century events.
4th century (301–400) 4th century Period covering years 301–400 CE, marked by major political shifts, the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire, migrations and cultural developments across Eurasia.
4th century BC (400–301 BC) 4th century BC A century of geopolitical transformation across Eurasia: Macedonian ascendancy and Alexander’s conquests, the start of the Hellenistic era, shifts in Persia, India, China, and earl…
4th millennium BC Period c. 4000–3000 BC when early bronze technology, cities and the first writing systems emerged; major developments in Sumer, Egypt and farming societies across Eurasia.
Year 5 (AD) — Roman year and calendar overview 5 Year 5 (AD) was a common year of the Julian calendar, known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Cinna; it is also one of the years represented by a single Roman numeral (…
5 BC A concise overview of the year 5 BC: its calendar placement, Roman political designation, and how historians treat and interpret events dated to that year.
AD 50 (L) 50 AD 50 (L) is a year in the first century AD. This article explains its calendrical notation, historical background across several regions, and some distinctive facts about its Roma…
50 BC: A Pivotal Year in the Late Roman Republic 50 BC Overview of the year 50 BC, its political context in Rome, calendar naming, global contemporaries, and its role in the events that led to the Roman civil war.
Year 500 (AD): Calendar, Roman Numeral, and Historical Context 500 Overview of the year 500 AD: its calendar placement (common year starting on Friday), Roman numeral D, and the broad political, cultural and religious contexts around the early 6th…
500s (decade AD 500–509) 500s The decade AD 500–509, a transitional phase of late antiquity: Ostrogothic rule in Italy, Frankish expansion in Gaul, war between Byzantium and Persia, and dynastic change in south…
51 BC — a year in the late Roman Republic 51 BC 51 BC was a consular year in the pre-Julian Roman calendar, occurring during the final decades of the Roman Republic and immediately preceding the civil war between Caesar and the…
Year 525 (DXXV) 525 525 (DXXV) was a common year of the Julian calendar notable for Dionysius Exiguus's formulation of the Anno Domini era and for events across Byzantine, Ostrogothic, Persian and Chi…
Year 530 (DXXX): overview, events and historical context 530 An overview of the year 530 (DXXX): calendar designation, major political and military developments, cultural context across Eurasia and the Americas, and its place in chronology.
Year 532 (AD) 532 532 (DXXXII) was a leap year of the Julian calendar, notable for the Nika riots in Constantinople, Emperor Justinian I's actions, the rebuilding of Hagia Sophia, and the 'Eternal P…
Year 548 (DXLVIII) 548 An overview of the year 548 (DXLVIII): its place in the Julian calendar, political and military context in the Mediterranean and Near East, cultural and religious trends, and histo…
Year 555 (AD) 555 Year 555 (DLV) was a common year of the Julian calendar in the mid-6th century, set amid Justinian's reign, post‑Gothic War recovery in Italy, the effects of the Justinianic Plague…
571 (year) 571 Year 571 was a common year of the late 6th century. It sits in the transition from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages and is notable in tradition as a possible birth date for…
Year 578 (AD) 578 A year of the Julian calendar in late antiquity: Byzantine emperor Justin II died and was succeeded by Tiberius II; the period saw ongoing Byzantine–Sasanian warfare and regional s…
580s BC Overview of the decade 589–580 BC: major political events, cultural trends and notable figures across Mesopotamia, the Aegean, Italy, China and South Asia.
Year 587 (AD) — calendar, context and overview 587 An overview of the year 587 (AD): its Julian calendar classification, how Anno Domini numbering was used, and the broad political and cultural backdrop across Europe, the Near East…
5th century (401–500 CE) 5th century The 5th century CE, covering the years 401–500, was a period of large political shifts: the fall of the Western Roman Empire, migrations across Eurasia, Christian councils, and imp…
5th century BC (500–401 BC) — Classical Age and Mediterranean Empires 5th century BC Period from 500 to 401 BC marked by the rise of Classical Greece, the Greco‑Persian conflicts, the early Roman Republic, major developments in China and India, and durable cultural…
6 BC A concise overview of the year 6 BC: calendar placement in the Julian system, Roman consular designation, contemporary global context, and why the date matters to historians.
AD 60 (60 CE) 60 AD 60 (60 CE), a year of the 1st century in the Julian calendar, noted for events in the Roman Empire including Boudica's uprising in Britain and Paul's voyage to Rome; contemporan…
Year 600 (common year) 600 An overview of the year 600 in historical and calendrical context, its place in late antiquity, major cultural trends around the world, and the numerical and calendrical properties…
Year 602 (AD) — Political upheaval and the prelude to wider wars 602 AD 602 was a pivotal year in the early 7th century marked by a major Byzantine coup, the rise of Emperor Phocas, and events that helped trigger the long Byzantine–Sasanian war.
60s BC (60–51 BC) 60s BC Decade from 60 to 51 BC characterized by the First Triumvirate’s dominance, Caesar’s Gallic campaigns and British expeditions, Crassus’s defeat at Carrhae, and Cleopatra VII’s acce…
