Respiratory arrest is the complete cessation of breathing. It is a life‑threatening event in which the normal exchange of air stops and the body can no longer maintain blood oxygen levels. The term is closely related to apnea, which means a pause or stopping of breathing; prolonged apnea can progress to full respiratory arrest. For a concise definition see breathing and airway basics.

Characteristics and causes

Respiratory arrest occurs when the lungs and the breathing control mechanisms fail to work effectively. Causes include upper airway obstruction (for example choking), severe drug overdose (notably opioids), central nervous system depression, neuromuscular disorders that impair chest wall or diaphragm function, trauma, and drowning. It differs from respiratory failure in degree: failure may allow some gas exchange, while arrest means no effective breathing. For more on lung function see lung physiology.

Common signs are absence of chest movement, no breath sounds, cyanosis (bluish skin), and a rapid decline in consciousness as oxygen falls. Loss of consciousness can occur quickly when the brain is deprived of oxygen; see consciousness and hypoxia. Clinicians distinguish respiratory arrest from cardiac arrest: in the latter both breathing and circulation have stopped. The critical role of oxygen is discussed at oxygen and tissues.

Immediate treatment and first aid

Rapid intervention is essential. Basic steps for bystanders include calling for emergency help, opening the airway, clearing visible obstructions, and starting rescue breathing or ventilations. Trained responders use bag‑valve‑mask ventilation and advanced airway placement; definitive care may require mechanical ventilation and treatment of the underlying cause (e.g., antidote for overdose). Early support preserves oxygen delivery and may prevent irreversible brain injury.

Prognosis, prevention, and notable facts

Brain injury can begin within minutes of inadequate oxygen; the likelihood of severe neurological damage and death rises quickly without ventilation. Exact timing varies, but permanent harm often occurs after only a few minutes of complete apnea. Prevention focuses on addressing risk factors (safe medication use, airway precautions, rapid treatment of airway obstructions). For statistics and outcomes see mortality and recovery data.

  • Key distinction: respiratory arrest = no breathing; cardiac arrest = no circulation.
  • Apnea may be central (brain control) or obstructive (blockage).
  • Emergency ventilation is the critical immediate treatment.