Government

Tsar: title of supreme rulers in Eastern Europe Tsar Tsar (also czar, tzar, csar) is a historical title used by monarchs in Bulgaria, Serbia and Russia, meaning emperor or supreme ruler and associated with autocracy, Orthodox coronat…

Tsarevich of Russia Imperial Russian title for the designated successor to the throne, traditionally male-held and styled Imperial Highness; evolved from medieval usage and made obsolete after the 191…

Tübingen Government Region (Regierungsbezirk Tübingen) Tübingen Government Region Administrative region in southeastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Summary of geography, administration, history, economy, education and notable features of the Regierungsbezirk Tüb…

Tynwald: The Parliament of the Isle of Man Tynwald Tynwald is the legislature of the Isle of Man, traditionally styled the High Court of Tynwald and claimed to be the oldest continuous parliament in the world.

Tyrant: ruler who holds absolute power and the history of tyranny Tyrant A tyrant is a ruler who concentrates power in a single person. This article covers the term's Greek origin, historical examples, political theory, methods of rule, distinctions fro…

Civilian Firefighters Employed by the U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Defense Department firefighters Overview of civilian firefighters who serve on U.S. military installations: roles, organization, training, duties, equipment, and relationship with uniformed military units.

National Geodetic Survey (United States) U.S. National Geodetic Survey U.S. federal agency that defines and maintains the national coordinate system, datums, and geodetic infrastructure used for mapping, navigation, tides, and scientific measurement.

Udaijin (Minister of the Right) — Imperial Japanese court office Udaijin Udaijin was the 'Minister of the Right', a senior post in Japan's classical ritsuryō court system, prominent in the Nara and Heian periods and later reduced to a ceremonial rank.

Ukrainian State Film Agency (Dergkino) Ukrainian State Film Agency Ukraine’s central government body for film policy, funding and promotion, commonly known as Dergkino; oversees state support, regulation, festivals, archives and international coop…

Undercover: covert identity and operations in policing and investigation Undercover Undercover work uses a hidden identity and cover to observe, infiltrate, or gather evidence. It differs from plainclothes duties and raises legal, ethical, and safety questions for…

Unicameralism: the single‑chamber legislature Unicameralism Unicameralism is the practice of organizing a national or subnational legislature as a single chamber. This article explains its features, history, examples, advantages, and common…

Union (American Civil War) The Union was the United States federal government and the states that remained loyal during the Civil War; it opposed the Confederate states and ultimately preserved the nation an…

Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Union of South Africa A dominion formed in 1910 from British colonies and Boer republics; the Union centralized government, administered South West Africa after WWI, and became the Republic of South Afr…

Union Territory (India): definition, governance and examples Union territory Union territories are administrative divisions of India directly administered by the central government, with governance forms varying from full federal control to limited legislat…

Unitary state A unitary state is a sovereign polity in which constitutional authority is concentrated in a single central government; local administrations, if any, exercise powers granted by th…

United Armenia (Greater Armenia) United Armenia United Armenia is an irredentist concept advocating the political or cultural unification of territories regarded as historically or ethnically Armenian; it is associated with nati…

United Kingdom austerity programme (post‑2010 deficit reduction) United Kingdom government austerity programme The UK austerity programme was a series of public spending reductions introduced after 2010 to reduce the budget deficit. It involved departmental cuts, welfare reforms and ringfen…

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights The UN office established in 1993 to promote and protect human rights worldwide, provide monitoring and assistance, support treaty bodies and special procedures, and report on glob…

United Nations Secretariat The executive organ of the United Nations that provides administrative support, policy analysis and coordination. Headed by the Secretary‑General, it supplies staff and services to…

United Nations Secretary-General The Secretary-General is the United Nations' chief administrative officer and a global diplomat who helps mediate disputes, coordinate UN work, and represent the organization inter…

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) United States Agency for International Development USAID is the U.S. government agency that plans and implements civilian foreign assistance to support economic development, health, humanitarian relief, and democratic governance wo…

United States Atomic Energy Commission Former federal agency (1946–1974) that oversaw nuclear weapons, promoted civilian nuclear power, and regulated aspects of atomic research and development in the United States.

United States Attorney: Role, Organization, and History United States Attorney Principal federal prosecutors who represent the United States in district and appellate courts. Appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, they supervise local offices…

United States Board on Geographic Names Federal body that standardizes geographic names used by the U.S. government, maintains domestic name databases, and advises on Antarctic and undersea naming for official U.S. usage…

United States Capitol The United States Capitol is the home of the U.S. Congress in Washington, D.C., an architecturally and historically significant building that houses the Senate and House chambers,…

United States Census Bureau Federal statistical agency in the Department of Commerce that conducts the decennial census and produces demographic, economic and geographic data used for apportionment, planning,…

United States Congress: structure, powers, and legislative process United States Congress Comprehensive overview of the United States Congress: its bicameral structure, duties, members, lawmaking steps, historical origins, privileges, committees, and role within the fed…

Kansas congressional delegation: history, apportionment, and federal representation United States congressional delegations from Kansas Overview of Kansas's U.S. congressional delegation: historical apportionment, how senators and representatives are chosen, changes in House seats over time, and federal roles of it…

United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit Federal appellate court based in Boston that reviews decisions from district courts in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Puerto Rico, and Rhode Island.

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Federal appeals court covering nine western states and two Pacific island jurisdictions; largest U.S. circuit by population and caseload, influential in immigration, environmental…

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) United States Department of Agriculture Federal Cabinet department responsible for agricultural policy, food safety, nutrition assistance, rural development, and agricultural research in the United States.

United States Department of Commerce Federal Cabinet department responsible for promoting economic growth, trade, technological advancement and compiling key economic and demographic statistics in the United States.

United States Department of Commerce and Labor A short history and overview of the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor, a Cabinet department created in 1903 to oversee federal commerce and labor functions, later reorganized i…

United States Department of Education Federal Cabinet department that establishes policy, administers funding, and enforces civil rights in the U.S. education system from early childhood through postsecondary levels.

United States Department of Energy Cabinet-level U.S. department overseeing national energy policy, scientific research and national laboratories, nuclear security and naval reactors, radioactive waste management, a…

United States Department of Health and Human Services A Cabinet-level department responsible for public health, medical research, food and drug safety, health insurance programs and human services across the United States.

United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Federal cabinet department (1953–1979) that coordinated national health, education, and social programs; reorganized in 1979 into the Department of Education and the Department of…

United States Department of Homeland Security The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a Cabinet-level agency formed after 9/11 to coordinate federal measures for terrorism prevention, border security, immigration enf…

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) United States Department of Housing and Urban Development HUD is the U.S. Cabinet department that shapes federal housing policy, supports affordable housing and community development, enforces fair housing law, and administers programs fo…

United States Department of Justice Federal Cabinet department that enforces federal law, represents the United States in legal matters, supervises federal prosecutors and law enforcement agencies, and works to ensur…

United States Department of Labor Federal Cabinet department that protects worker rights, enforces labor standards, administers unemployment and training programs, and produces labor statistics for policy and the p…

United States Department of State The U.S. Department of State directs American foreign policy, manages diplomatic missions and consular services, and represents the United States abroad. It is led by the Secretary…

United States Department of the Interior Federal Cabinet department responsible for managing public lands, natural resources, scientific research, and relations with Native American tribes in the United States.

United States Department of the Navy Federal executive department responsible for the administration, readiness, and support of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, providing civilian leadership, logistics, training, and p…

United States Department of the Treasury Federal Cabinet department responsible for government revenue, public debt, currency production, tax administration, sanctions and financial law enforcement in the United States.

United States Department of Transportation Federal Cabinet department responsible for national transportation policy, safety, infrastructure, and oversight, administering modal agencies and coordinating federal grants, regu…

United States Department of Veterans Affairs Federal cabinet department that administers health care, benefits, and burial services for U.S. military veterans, their families, and survivors.

United States Deputy Attorney General Second-highest official in the U.S. Department of Justice who supervises daily operations, oversees major divisions, and acts for the Attorney General when necessary; appointed by…