AD 12 (12 CE) — Year in the 1st century 12 AD 12 (12 CE) was a leap year of the Julian calendar, traditionally called the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Capito; it sits within the early Roman Empire and corresponds to…
12 BC — Roman year and Julian calendar context 12 BC An overview of the year 12 BC: its identification as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Quirinius, Julian calendar uncertainties about leap years and weekday starts, and it…
Year 120 (CXX) 120 Year 120 (CXX) was a leap year of the Julian calendar. It falls during the reign of Roman Emperor Hadrian and within a period of active imperial consolidation, long‑distance trade,…
1200 (MCC) 1200 Year 1200 (MCC): a leap year in the Julian calendar and, in the proleptic Gregorian reckoning, a century leap year. A pivot of medieval politics, trade and cultural activity across…
The 1200s (1200–1299): Transformations across Eurasia and the Mediterranean 1200s Survey of the 1200s: the rise of the Mongol Empire, crusading and reconquest, commercial and cultural exchange, institutional change in Europe, and the century’s long-term impacts.
1201 (year) 1201 Overview of the year 1201 (MCCI): calendar placement, major developments across Europe and Asia, cultural and political context, notable foundations, and lasting significance.
Year 1202 (MCCII) — overview, major events and historical context 1202 Summary of the year 1202 (MCCII): calendar placement, principal events such as the departure of the Fourth Crusade and Baltic missions, political context in Europe, and later signi…
Year 1203 (MCCIII): calendar, events and historical context 1203 An overview of the year 1203 (MCCIII): its calendar position, major political and military developments—notably part of the Fourth Crusade—and its place in medieval chronology.
1204 (MCCIV) — Sack of Constantinople, the Fourth Crusade and its aftermath 1204 In 1204 the Fourth Crusade was diverted to Constantinople, resulting in the city's sack, establishment of the Latin Empire and long-term political and cultural consequences for Byz…
1205 (year) 1205 Overview of the year 1205 in the Julian calendar, including major political events, calendar context, and the year’s place in medieval chronology.
1206 (year) 1206 Overview of the year 1206 (MCCVI): calendar placement and major developments including the proclamation of Genghis Khan and political changes in South Asia that led to the Delhi Su…
1207 (year) 1207 Summary of the year 1207 CE: its calendar placement, political and cultural context in the High Middle Ages, papal and English tensions, early Mongol expansion, and broader social…
1208 1208 was a leap year in the early 13th century marked by religious and political tensions in Europe, the murder of a papal legate that precipitated the Albigensian Crusade, and the…
1209 (year) 1209 1209 saw the outbreak of the Albigensian Crusade, the verbal approval of the Franciscan movement, and a migration of scholars that helped establish Cambridge during a period of pol…
Year 1210 (MCCX): calendar designation and historical context 1210 Overview of the year 1210 (MCCX): its calendar classification, numbering in eras and centuries, contemporary historical context, and its uses in chronology and historiography.
Year 1211 — overview, events, and historical context 1211 A summary of the year 1211 CE: calendar placement, major developments such as the Mongol campaigns in northern China, and the broader political and cultural context of the early 13…
1212 (year) 1212 Overview of the year 1212 in the Julian calendar: chronology, major events such as the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa and the so-called Children's Crusade, and its historical signif…
Year 1213 (MCCXIII) 1213 Overview of the year 1213 in the Julian calendar: calendar details, major political and military events in Europe and Asia, cultural context, and how the year is numbered in histor…
1216 Year 1216 (Julian calendar): events include the death of King John, accession of Henry III in England, Pope Innocent III's death and ongoing medieval conflicts across Europe and As…
1223 (Common year in the Julian calendar) 1223 1223 was a common year beginning on Sunday in the Julian calendar. Key occurrences include the Mongol victory at the Battle of the Kalka River and important developments in the Fra…
Year 1227 (MCCXXVII) 1227 Calendar year 1227 CE marked by the death of Genghis Khan during the Mongol campaign, papal conflict with Emperor Frederick II, and regional political shifts across Eurasia.
1229 Year 1229 in the High Middle Ages: diplomatic resolution of the Sixth Crusade, the Catalan conquest of Majorca, unrest at the University of Paris, and the integer 1229 as a prime n…
Year 1230 (Julian calendar) 1230 Overview of the year 1230: calendar placement, political and cultural context in Europe and Asia, and why historians use this year as a reference point.
The 1230s (1230–1239): a decade of expansion, law and conflict 1230s Overview of the 1230s (1230–1239): key political and military events, Mongol expansion, legal and religious developments, and cultural trends across Eurasia.
1233 (number and year AD) 1233 Dual entry for 1233: its mathematical properties as an integer and a concise account of the year AD 1233 within the High Middle Ages and Eurasian developments.
Year 1236 (MCCXXXVI) — overview, events, and historical significance 1236 A concise account of the year 1236 (MCCXXXVI): calendar context, major events in Europe and Eurasia, cultural and political developments, and its longer-term consequences.
1238 (MCCXXXVIII) 1238 1238 (MCCXXXVIII) was a common year of the Julian calendar notable for the Mongol campaigns in Rus' and the capture of Valencia; as an integer it factors as 2 × 619 and is a defici…
Year 1239 (AD) 1239 Overview of the year 1239 in the 13th century: political context, regional events, cultural trends and significance within medieval Europe, the Islamic world, and Asia.
1240 (year) 1240 Year 1240 (Julian calendar leap year) in the 13th century; notable for Mongol campaigns in Eastern Europe and Alexander Nevsky's victory at the Neva, within the broader medieval po…
1242 — Key events and historical context 1242 Overview of the year 1242: major military campaigns, political changes in Europe and Eurasia, cultural context, and why the year mattered in medieval history.
1243 (MCCXLIII): Key events and historical context 1243 Overview of the year 1243, highlighting major political events, the Mongol victory at Köse Dağ, the papal election, and the wider social and cultural context of mid-13th-century Eu…
1247 (year) 1247 An overview of the year 1247 in the Julian calendar, its chronological placement, and the wider political, cultural, and social context of the mid-13th century.
1248 Year 1248 was a leap year of the Julian calendar notable for the capture of Seville, the start of Cologne Cathedral, and King Louis IX's departure on the Seventh Crusade.
1254 — a year in the mid‑13th century 1254 1254 was a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar. Set in the high Middle Ages, it fell amid Mongol rule, Crusading activity, and shifting political and economic d…
1264 Year 1264 (MCCLXIV) was a medieval year marked by civil conflict in England, shifting power in the Mongol world, and developments across Europe and Asia; also a composite integer w…
1266 Overview of 1266 as a year in the Common Era and as an integer: major events in medieval Europe, numeric properties, historical significance, and notable outcomes of that year.
1270 1270 — a year in the 13th century notable for the Eighth Crusade and the death of King Louis IX of France; also an integer with simple arithmetic properties (2×5×127).
1271 (year) 1271 Year 1271 CE: Kublai Khan proclaimed the Yuan dynasty in China; the long papal election ended with Gregory X; Prince Edward campaigned in the Holy Land; Marco Polo's departure is t…
1273 1273 (MCCLXXIII): a year in the High Middle Ages notable for the election of Rudolf I of Habsburg and wider Eurasian shifts under Mongol and Mamluk power; also the integer 1273 wit…
1274 (AD) 1274 Year 1274 (MCCLXXIV): notable for the Second Council of Lyons, the first Mongol invasion of Japan, the death of Thomas Aquinas, and the coronation of Edward I.
1278 Year 1278 CE, notable for the Battle on the Marchfeld and the rise of the Habsburgs; wider political and cultural context in Europe and Asia during the late 13th century.
Year 1280 (MCCLXXX) 1280 Overview of the year 1280 in the 13th century: calendar facts, broad historical context, social and cultural trends, and notable characteristics of the period.
1281 — year CE and the integer 1281 1281: the year best known for the Mongol second invasion of Japan (the ‘kamikaze’ storm) and a composite integer with factors 3×7×61. Overview of events, significance, and mathemat…
1282 The year 1282 saw the Sicilian Vespers uprising and the outbreak of the Welsh War; as an integer, 1282 is an even semiprime (2 × 641). Overview of events, numeric properties, and h…
1288: the number and the year 1288 Overview of 1288 as an integer and as the calendar year: mathematical facts (factorization, divisors, representations) and major historical events such as the Battles of Worringen…
1289 Year 1289: marked by the Mamluk capture of Tripoli and the Battle of Campaldino; a year reflecting late-13th-century shifts—decline of Crusader states, Mamluk ascendancy, and Itali…
1293 (AD) — a late 13th-century overview 1293 Year 1293 was a common year in the late 13th century marked by a major earthquake in Kamakura, Japan, and set against wider trends of political centralization, Mongol hegemony in A…
Year 1296 1296 1296 (a Julian leap year beginning on Saturday) was a pivotal year in the High Middle Ages, noted for Edward I's invasion of Scotland and the deposition of King John Balliol, event…
