Chrysanthemum is a group of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The genus, traditionally containing about 30 species, is native to East Asia and parts of northeast Europe and has given rise to thousands of garden cultivars. For taxonomic context see genus Chrysanthemum and classifications within the Asteraceae family.

Description and classification

Plants in this group vary from herbaceous perennials to subshrubs. Leaves are typically lobed or toothed and inflorescences are composite flower heads made up of central disc florets and surrounding ray florets. Modern horticulture uses many hybrid forms; some species and cultivated forms are treated under related genera in botanical sources — a reminder of the genus' complex taxonomic history. Authoritative botanical summaries can be consulted via reference resources.

Cultivation, forms and uses

Chrysanthemums are widely cultivated for garden beds, borders and as cut flowers. They favor full sun, well-drained soil and benefit from pinching to encourage bushy growth. Propagation is commonly by division or softwood cuttings. Common horticultural bloom types include:

  • Decorative and incurved blooms (formal exhibition forms)
  • Pompom and cushion types (small, rounded flowers)
  • Single and anemone forms (open-centred heads)

Beyond ornamentals, some species are used to make chrysanthemum tea and traditional remedies in East Asia; see cultural and culinary notes at regional plant uses.

History, symbolism and cultural importance

Chrysanthemums have a long presence in East Asian art, horticulture and symbolism. In China they represent longevity and autumnal beauty; in Japan the chrysanthemum is an imperial emblem and appears on official seals and decorations. In parts of Europe the flower is associated with remembrance and funerary traditions, illustrating how cultural meanings vary by region. For historical background consult historical references.

Common problems include pests such as aphids and diseases like powdery mildew or leaf rust; good cultural practices reduce risk. When selecting plants, gardeners consider bloom time, hardiness and flower form to match landscape or cut-flower needs.