Catarrh: mucus buildup from inflamed mucous membranes

Causes and common situations

Acute catarrh most often appears during viral upper respiratory infections such as the common cold or in association with persistent coughs. It can also occur with bacterial or viral infections of the adenoids, middle ear, sinuses or tonsils and is frequently seen with enlarged adenoids or sinus disease. Noninfectious triggers include allergic rhinitis, irritants like smoke, and environmental dryness.

Symptoms and possible complications

• Nasal congestion and a feeling of fullness in the face
• Postnasal drip, which may cause throat clearing or sore throat
• Persistent cough, hoarseness or an unpleasant taste
• Ear fullness or reduced hearing if the eustachian tube is affected

While catarrh itself is usually uncomfortable rather than dangerous, it can signal complications such as sinusitis or otitis media when symptoms persist or worsen.

Management and prevention

Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and addressing any underlying cause. Simple measures include increased fluid intake, saline nasal rinses, steam or humidified air, rest and expectorants or short‑term decongestants where appropriate. Antibiotics are reserved for confirmed bacterial infections. For chronic or recurrent catarrh, allergy management, review of medicines that may dry or thicken secretions, and referral to an ear, nose and throat specialist may be helpful; in some cases procedures such as adenoid removal or sinus surgery are considered.

History and usage

The word catarrh derives from Greek elements meaning "to flow down," reflecting the characteristic drainage that accompanies the condition. Historically the term was used broadly for many respiratory inflammations; modern practice tends to describe the underlying diagnosis (for example, rhinosinusitis or otitis) rather than use catarrh as a precise disease label.

When to seek medical advice

See a clinician if symptoms are severe, persistent beyond a typical cold, accompanied by high fever, facial pain, shortness of breath, or hearing loss. Children with ongoing nasal discharge, sleep disturbance or feeding problems should be assessed to rule out complications or conditions needing targeted treatment.