Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)

Physical characteristics

Bluefish have a streamlined, laterally compressed body with a sloped head and large, sharp teeth. Adults commonly reach around 50–70 cm, but some may grow up to about 150 cm and weigh over 15 kg. Coloration is typically bluish or greenish on the back, fading to silvery sides and belly. Typical lifespan in the wild is roughly nine years.

Distribution and habitat

Bluefish occupy temperate and subtropical waters worldwide. They occur in the western and eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, the Indian Ocean and parts of the Pacific. Records and regional studies list populations in the Atlantic, the Black Sea and other basins. They are primarily coastal and pelagic, often found near the surface, around shoals, headlands and inlets.

Behavior and diet

Bluefish are schooling hunters that feed aggressively on smaller schooling fishes such as anchovies, sardines and young mackerel, and sometimes squid or crustaceans. Feeding often occurs as rapid, coordinated attacks called feeding frenzies; individuals are known to tear prey into pieces with their sharp teeth. Juveniles may use estuaries and bays as nursery areas.

Reproduction and life cycle

Spawning generally occurs offshore where eggs and larvae are pelagic. Larvae drift into coastal nursery areas where they develop before joining adult schools. Growth is relatively fast; maturity is reached in a few years depending on local conditions.

Fisheries, uses and conservation

Bluefish are valued by commercial fisheries and recreational anglers for their meat and sport qualities. They are taken by nets, lines and rods and are prepared in a variety of ways including grilling, smoking and baking. In some regions stocks have declined and managers monitor catches because of concerns about overfishing; see regional management discussions at fisheries and conservation. For information on specific regional occurrence consult resources that cover the Indian Ocean and other local waters.

Notable distinctions

The common name "bluefish" is sometimes applied mistakenly to other species such as rock salmon or coal fish in different areas; careful use of the scientific name Pomatomus saltatrix avoids confusion.