Maurya Empire (c. 322–185 BCE)

Origins and expansion

The empire grew rapidly under Chandragupta with guidance from his adviser Chanakya (also known as Kautilya), whose political ideas survive in the Arthashastra, a treatise on statecraft traditionally attributed to him. Early expansion included diplomatic and military dealings with Hellenistic successors of Alexander, and later rulers such as Bindusara consolidated control of the subcontinent. The reign of Ashoka (3rd century BCE) marked a turning point following the Kalinga conflict and a shift in imperial priorities.

Administration and economy

The Mauryas developed a centralised bureaucracy with appointed provincial governors, officials responsible for revenue and law, and systems for taxation and resource management. Agriculture formed the empire's economic base, supplemented by internal and overseas trade. Evidence indicates organised road networks, caravan routes and contacts with Hellenistic kingdoms that facilitated commerce and cultural exchange.

Culture, religion and public works

Ashoka is best known for adopting and promoting Buddhism after the Kalinga war, commissioning rock and pillar edicts that preached moral conduct (dharma) and nonviolence. The dynasty left material traces in sculptures, stupas and polished stone pillars — the Lion Capital of Ashoka later became a national emblem of India. Mauryan patronage affected religious life, art, and urban planning.

Key features

• Strong central government with provincial administration
• Military and intelligence apparatus to maintain order
• Promulgation of moral and administrative edicts under Ashoka
• Active internal and external trade networks

The empire began to decline after Ashoka's death as regional powers reasserted themselves; by about 185 BCE the last Mauryan monarch was overthrown and succeeded by the Shunga dynasty. Despite its relatively brief span, the Maurya Empire left a durable legacy in political organisation, statecraft literature, and the spread of Buddhist ideas across Asia.