Frostius — a small genus of true toads

Characteristics

Members of this genus display many traits typical of the family: relatively stout bodies, dry and often warted skin, and well-developed parotoid glands behind the eyes. They are generally small compared with some other bufonids and are terrestrial in habit. Their coloration and texture help them blend into leaf litter and understory substrate where they forage for invertebrates.

Taxonomy and name

The genus name honors a noted amphibian systematist and reflects modern efforts to resolve relationships within Bufonidae. Frostius is recognized as a distinct lineage within the true toads; taxonomic work has used both morphological characters and molecular data to clarify its placement. For more on the genus, see Frostius and for context within the family see true toads (Bufonidae).

Distribution and habitat

Frostius species are restricted to parts of the Neotropics and typically inhabit humid forested landscapes. Their ranges are often small and fragmented, which makes local populations sensitive to habitat disturbance. Individuals are most frequently encountered in leaf litter, near small streams, or in low vegetation at night.

Ecology, conservation and notable facts

As insectivores, these toads play a role in controlling invertebrate populations and in energy transfer within forest floor communities. Their restricted ranges and habitat specificity make them vulnerable to deforestation, habitat fragmentation and emerging amphibian diseases. Conservation assessments emphasize habitat protection and continued taxonomic and ecological study. Because the genus contains only two species, each taxonomic or conservation update can significantly change our understanding of their status.

• Small genus with two recognized species.
• Typical bufonid morphology: warty skin and parotoid glands.
• Restricted, vulnerable ranges make conservation important.