Overview

Burlap, also widely called hessian in many countries, is a coarse, loosely woven fabric made from plant-based bast fibers. Typical raw materials include jute and hemp, though similar fibers such as flax or sisal are sometimes used. The cloth is valued for its low cost, breathability and tensile strength relative to weight.

Characteristics

The material is usually produced in a plain weave that yields a rough texture and open weave structure. Key attributes include:

  • Durability for handling and packing bulky goods.
  • Breathability, which allows air circulation and can reduce spoilage of stored produce.
  • Biodegradability when untreated, making it environmentally preferable to many synthetics.
  • Susceptibility to moisture, mildew and fiber shedding; not naturally waterproof.

History and production

The fabric has long been associated with agricultural and industrial uses because it can be produced inexpensively from fast-growing plant fibers. The common name "hessian" is used in parts of Europe; "burlap" and "gunny" are other regional terms. Production begins with harvesting and retting the plant stalks, spinning them into coarse yarn, then weaving into large bolts or bags on simple looms.

Common uses

Burlap's combination of strength and breathability has led to a wide range of practical applications:

  • Packing and shipping: sacks for coffee, potatoes, grains and other bulk commodities.
  • Construction and flood control: sandbags and temporary erosion barriers.
  • Horticulture and landscaping: root-ball wrapping, frost protection and weed suppression.
  • Home and craft uses: upholstery backing, rustic decor, table runners and costume materials.

Care, treatment and environmental notes

Burlap can be cleaned by shaking, brushing or gentle spot-washing; prolonged wetting often shrinks or weakens the fibers. The fabric is frequently treated with coatings or waxes to improve water resistance and durability for outdoor use. Untreated burlap is biodegradable and compostable, which is why it is favored in sustainable landscaping and packaging, though treatments can alter that profile.

Distinctions and notable facts

Burlap is distinct from fabrics such as canvas (typically tighter-woven, often cotton) and from finer linens. The term is sometimes used loosely—commercial products labeled as burlap may vary in fiber content and weave tightness. For further technical definitions and textile standards see a general woven textile reference.

Note: regional names and manufacturing details can vary; the descriptions here summarize broadly accepted characteristics and common applications.