Burqa: full-body outer garment worn by some Muslim women

Characteristics and construction

Typically made from lightweight woven fabric, a burqa encloses the body and drapes to the feet. The face covering portion is usually integrated with the rest of the garment and includes a mesh, grille, or finely embroidered screen that allows the wearer to see while maintaining coverage. Styles, colors and materials vary widely by region, climate and available textiles; some are simple and utilitarian, others more decorated.

Origins and historical context

Veiling and full-body coverings have long histories across many societies, predating Islam in some regions. Within Islamic societies the practice evolved under a mix of religious interpretation, local custom and social norms. Over time different areas developed distinct forms of full-body dress and distinct names for them. The burqa as recognized today is thus the product of both religious and regional traditions.

Uses and social meaning

Women wear the burqa for a range of reasons: personal piety, adherence to a particular religious view, cultural identity, family choice, or social expectation. It can mark membership in a community or signal conformity with established norms of modesty. The garment also figures in public debates about women's rights, religious freedom and state policies concerning public dress.

Variations and distinctions

• Burqa: full-body cover including a face screen for the eyes.
• Niqab: a face veil that leaves the eyes visible but is usually worn with separate outer clothing; it is distinct from the burqa in construction and fit.
• Hijab: a headscarf that covers the hair and neck but leaves the face uncovered; often contrasted with full-face coverings like the burqa. See also: hijab.

Contemporary issues and notable facts

The burqa appears in international discussions about religious practice, gender and law. Some states and localities have adopted regulations or bans on face-covering garments in public spaces; others protect the right to wear them as an expression of religion. Conversations about the burqa often intersect with topics such as integration, security, personal autonomy and cultural diversity. For further reading on variants and context, consult a general reference entry: Burqa.