Overview

Rhytidectomy, commonly referred to as a facelift, is a cosmetic surgical procedure intended to reduce visible signs of aging on the face and neck. The operation typically addresses loose or sagging facial skin by removing excess tissue and redraping the remaining skin to create a smoother, more youthful contour. In many cases the procedure also repositions or tightens deeper facial layers—such as the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS)—to improve support rather than relying solely on skin tightening. For data and broader statistics see professional society information.

Common techniques and steps

Facelift approaches vary by extent and target area. Surgeons choose a technique according to the patient’s anatomy and desired outcome. Typical options include:

  • Full facelift: addresses the lower face and neck with longer incisions and deeper tissue work.
  • SMAS or deep-plane facelift: repositions deeper tissue layers for longer-lasting, natural results.
  • Mini or short-scar facelift: limited incision and quicker recovery for mild to moderate sagging.
  • Midface lift: focuses on the cheeks and under-eye area.

Procedural steps generally include anesthesia, careful incisions often hidden around the hairline and ear, elevation and modification of deeper tissue layers, removal of surplus skin, and meticulous closure to minimize visible scarring. Adjunctive procedures such as blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery) or neck liposuction are commonly combined.

Candidates, preparation and expectations

Good candidates are adults with facial skin laxity and sufficient health to tolerate surgery. Ideal candidates do not smoke, have realistic expectations, and understand that a facelift improves but does not halt aging. Preoperative preparation typically involves medical evaluation, discussion of goals and risks, cessation of smoking, and planning for postoperative care and assistance.

Risks, complications and recovery

As with any surgery, rhytidectomy carries risks. Common and less common complications include:

  • Hematoma (collection of blood beneath the skin)
  • Temporary or permanent facial nerve injury causing weakness
  • Infection, poor wound healing, visible or widened scars
  • Changes in skin sensation, hairline distortion, and asymmetry

Recovery generally involves several weeks of swelling and bruising. Dressings or drains may be used initially; sutures are removed within days to weeks. Many patients return to light activities within 1–2 weeks and resume more normal social activities after 2–4 weeks, though subtle healing continues for months.

History, prevalence and alternatives

Facial rejuvenation surgery evolved through the 20th century with modern deep-tissue techniques developed in the latter half of the century to improve durability and natural appearance. Interest in facelifts remains high: for example, one reported estimate indicated over one hundred thousand procedures in a single year in the United States. Non‑surgical alternatives—such as injectable fillers, neuromodulators (e.g., botulinum toxin), laser resurfacing, and ultrasound-based lifting—offer less invasive options with shorter recovery but typically more limited or temporary effects.

Notable considerations

Results can be long-lasting but are not permanent; lifestyle factors (sun protection, smoking cessation, healthy weight and skin care) influence longevity. Selecting a board-certified plastic surgeon and reviewing before-and-after examples and patient reviews are important steps. If you are researching the procedure, read reputable sources and consult a qualified surgeon to discuss individualized benefits and risks. For more on surgical goals and the role of removed tissue, see excess skin considerations and consult resources that discuss the patient’s face and neck anatomy.