Makalu Barun National Park

Geography and habitats

The park and its surrounding buffer zones include ecosystems ranging from subtropical and temperate broadleaf forests through rhododendron and conifer woodlands, to alpine meadows and permanent snow and ice near high summits. These stacked habitats form ecological corridors and watersheds that feed rivers and support downstream communities.

Biodiversity

Makalu Barun is noted for its high species richness and diversity of life forms. Scientific surveys and long-term monitoring have recorded significant numbers of plants and animals, reflecting the park’s role as a refuge for both Himalayan and sub-Himalayan species. Key figures from inventories include:

• 315 species of butterflies and additional records highlighting regional butterfly variation (butterfly studies).
• 43 species of reptiles.
• 16 species of amphibians.
• 78 species of fishes, many tied to cold, fast-flowing streams.
• 440 species of birds and about 88 species of mammals recorded in park surveys.

History and conservation

The area was designated a national park in 1992 and covers roughly 1,500 square kilometres including a protected buffer zone. Its establishment aimed to conserve the unique high-relief environment, protect catchments and preserve living landscapes for wildlife. Management programs combine scientific research, park administration and community-based initiatives in surrounding villages.

Human use and significance

Local communities engage in agriculture, pastoralism and culturally important forest uses; many also benefit from regulated trekking and nature tourism. The park is important for conservation science, sustainable livelihoods and as a natural laboratory for studying ecological responses to elevation and climate. Its steep environmental gradients, high species counts and combination of tropical-to-glacial habitats make Makalu Barun a distinct and internationally significant Himalayan protected area.