Cormorants are a group of water birds in the family Phalacrocoracidae, commonly found along coasts and inland waters worldwide. There are about 40 species, and in some regions certain species are called "shags." They are best known for pursuing fish underwater and for their characteristic long necks and streamlined bodies.
Appearance and distinctive traits
Cormorants typically have dark, often glossy plumage, webbed feet, and a long hooked bill suited to catching slippery prey. Many species show seasonal changes such as patches of white or a crest during the breeding season. Unlike many aquatic birds, their feathers are only partly waterproof, which helps them dive but often leaves them seen drying their wings while perched.
Behavior, diet and habitat
These birds are skilled divers and swimmers that pursue fish beneath the surface. They frequent marine shorelines, estuaries, rivers and lakes and breed in colonies. Nests are built from sticks and vegetation on cliffs, trees or islands. Juveniles and adults may differ in plumage and feeding technique.
Human connections and uses
Cormorants have been important in human culture: they feature in coastal folklore, have been hunted for food in some places, and were trained as fishing assistants in parts of East Asia. Their droppings (guano) have been harvested historically as fertilizer and have shaped local economies where deposits accumulated.
Taxonomy, names and notable facts
The common name varies: "cormorant" and "shag" are both used, sometimes reflecting regional usage rather than strict taxonomic separation. For further taxonomic details and species lists see a general family overview at seabirds reference and a compiled species list. Some species are widespread and abundant; others face habitat loss or disturbance and are the focus of conservation efforts.
- Worldwide distribution, except some polar and remote islands
- Strong, hooked bill for fish capture
- Often seen perched spreading wings to dry
- Used historically in traditional fisheries