Chongqing

Chongqing (Chinese 重慶市 / 重庆市, pinyin Chóngqìng Shì, W.-G. Ch'ung-ch'ing Shih, without diacritic Chungching Shih, obsolete after post Chungking or rod Tschungking, abbreviation: 渝, yú, Jyutping jyu4) is a megacity in the People's Republic of China at the confluence of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River.

Chongqing, as a non-governmental city, is a separate administrative unit with a population of 32 million (2020). If only the administrative city boundaries are used, Chongqing is the largest city in the world in terms of population. The area of the city's administrative territory is 82,403 square kilometers, nearly the size of the state of Austria, and consists mainly of areas with rural settlement patterns. If the core city (high building density and closed village form) is taken as a basis, 6.9 million people live in Chongqing. The metropolitan area (including suburbs) has a population of 19.34 million (2018). The urban agglomeration was estimated by the UN to have 14.3 million inhabitants in 2017.

The city was established on March 14, 1997, when it was separated from the eastern part of Sichuan Province and incorporated into the surrounding greater region. The city is an industrial center, transportation hub and cultural center of the region with universities, colleges, theaters, museums and galleries. Consulates general from Great Britain and Japan as well as consulates from Denmark, Cambodia, Canada and the Philippines are based in the city.

Geography

Geographical position

The city of Chongqing was built at the confluence of the Jialing River and the Yangtze River. Its location on the eastern edge of the Red Basin, the "rice bowl" of China, has favoured the city's growth. However, its great distance from the coast and especially its difficult accessibility have hindered development in the past. The reservoir formed by the Three Gorges Dam extends to Chongqing, allowing larger ships to reach the city.

The city is surrounded by mountains: the Daba Shan in the north, the Wu Shan in the east and the Dalou Shan in the south. Since Chongqing was built on very hilly terrain, some of the streets are very steep, which is expressed in the name "City of Mountains" (Shancheng). It lies on average 243 meters above sea level.

The administrative urban area of Chongqing stretches 470 kilometres in an east-west direction and 450 kilometres in a north-south direction. It has an area of 82,402.95 square kilometers, which is roughly equivalent to the land area of Austria. Of this area, 1,472.55 square kilometres (1.79%) belong to the core city (high building density and enclosed village form) and 80,930.4 square kilometres (98.21%) to areas with a predominantly rural settlement structure. The metropolitan region has an area of 9,622.83 square kilometres.

Neighboring provinces are Hubei and Hunan in the east, Guizhou in the south, Sichuan in the west and Shaanxi in the north. About 80 rivers flow through the administrative area of the government-unified city of Chongqing. The largest are the Yangtze, the Jialing, the Wu Jiang, the Fu Jiang, the Qi Jiang and the Daning He.

Geology

Chongqing is located in the Red Basin, a basin landscape traversed by the Yangtze River and fertile rolling hills of predominantly red sandstones and clays, enclosed all around by higher mountain ranges. The Red Basin is rich in mineral resources (coal deposits, ores, salt, petroleum and phosphorus). Chongqing hit the headlines due to the Chuandongbei gas explosion on December 25, 2003, when a large amount of toxic gas suddenly escaped after an explosion of a gas well on the Chuandongbei gas field, killing 191 people and injuring an estimated 4000 to 5000 people, some of them seriously.

To the northwest of the basin lies the Chengdu alluvial plain. The Yangtze River, about 6380 kilometres long and rich in rapids, breaks through the mountain ranges that have bulged up at the Chinese Relay Fault and seal off the Red Basin from east-central China.

City structure and population

Downtown

Downtown Chongqing is divided into six districts. These are:

• Yuzhong Municipality (渝中区, Yuzhong Qū), the downtown area proper.
• Dadukou Municipality (大渡口区, Dàdukou Qū),
• Nan'an Municipality (南岸区, Nán'ān Qū),
• Jiulongpo Municipality (九龙坡区, Jiǔlóngpo Qū),
• Shapingba Municipality (沙坪坝区, Shapingba Qū),
• Jiangbei Municipality (江北区, Jiāngběi Qū).

The so-called "New Municipality" of Liangjiang (两江新区, Liǎngjiāng Xīnqū), established on 18 June 2010, comprises parts of the municipalities of Jiangbei, Yubei and Beibei with a total area of approximately 1,200 km². Unlike comparable new establishments in Tianjin (Binhai) and Shanghai (Pudong), this is purely a measure to promote economic development, i.e. Liangjiang is not a municipality in the administrative sense. It is not administered by a "people's government" but by the "Steering Group for the Development and Construction of the New Liangjiang Municipality" (两江新区开发建设领导小组, Liangjiang Xinqu kaifa jianshe lingdao xiaozu), which is composed of representatives of the city of Chongqing and the municipalities concerned. Accordingly, the three aforementioned municipalities will remain fully intact in their previous administrative boundaries with their people's governments and the associated political structures (people's congresses, consultative conferences), at least for the time being.

The following table contains the population figures obtained from the November 1, 2000 and November 1, 2010 censuses. Listed are residents with primary residence in Chongqing. Since on October 22, 2011, the former Shuangqiao Municipality was merged with the former Dazu County to form the new Dazu Municipality, and the former Wansheng Municipality was merged with the former Qijiang County to form the new Qijiang Municipality, the area and population figures for the new municipalities must be added together.

Periphery

The peripheral area of the core city comprises four urban districts:

• Banan Municipality (巴南区, Bānán Qū),
• Beibei Municipality (北碚区, Běibèi Qū),
• Yubei Municipality (渝北区, Yúběi Qū),
• Bishan Municipality (璧山区, Bìshān Qū).

Rural environment

Nine urban districts are located in the rural hinterland outside the core city:

• Changshou Municipality (长寿区, Chángshòu Qū),
• Hechuan Municipality (合川区, Héchuān Qū),
• Jiangjin Municipality (江津区, Jiāngjīn Qū),
• Yongchuan Municipality (永川区, Yǒngchuān Qū),
• Municipality of Dazu (大足区, Dàzú Qū),
• Qijiang Municipality (綦江区, Qíjiāng Qū),
• Rongchang Municipality (荣昌区, Róngchāng Qū),
• Tongliang Municipality (铜梁区, Tóngliáng Qū),
• Tongnan Municipality (潼南区, Tóngnán Qū).

Fuling

The Fuling region (涪陵专区, Fúlíng Zhuānqū) borders the core city to the east and consists of three urban districts and two counties:

• Fuling Municipality (涪陵区, Fúlíng Qū),
• Nanchuan Municipality (南川区, Nánchuān Qū),
• Wulong Municipality (武隆区, Wǔlóng Qū),
• Dianjiang County (垫江县, Diànjiāng Xiàn),
• Fengdu County (丰都县, Fēngdū Xiàn).

Wanzhou

The Wanzhou region is located far to the northeast of Chongqing proper. It comprises three municipalities and six counties:

• Wanzhou Municipality (万州区, Wànzhōu Qū),
• Kaizhou Municipality (开州区, Kāizhōu Qū),
• Liangping Municipality (梁平区, Liángpíng Qū),
• Chengkou County (城叢县, Chéngkǒu Xiàn),
• Fengjie County (奉节县, Fèngjié Xiàn),
• Yunyang County (云阳县, Yúnyáng Xiàn),
• Wushan County (巫山县, Wūshān Xiàn),
• Wuxi County (巫溪县, Wūxī Xiàn),
• Zhong County (忠县, Zhōng Xiàn).

Qianjiang

The Qianjiang (黔江地区, Qiánjiāng Dìqū) region adjoins that of Fuling to the east and forms the southeast of the Chongqing area. It is divided into one urban district and four autonomous counties:

• Qianjiang Municipality (黔江区, Qiánjiāng Qū),
• Pengshui Autonomous County of the Miao and Tujia (彭水苗族土家族自治县, Péngshuǐ Miáozú Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn),
• Shizhu Autonomous County of the Tujia (石柱土家族自治县, Shízhù Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn),
• Xiushan Autonomous County of the Tujia and Miao (秀山土家族苗族自治县, Xiùshān Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn),
• Youyang Autonomous County of the Tujia and Miao (酉阳土家族苗族自治县, Yǒuyáng Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn).

Autonomous circles

The four Autonomous Counties are included in the rest of the structure, but are additionally listed here: Pengshui Autonomous County of the Miao and Tujia (彭水苗族土家族自治县, Péngshuǐ Miáozú Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn), Shizhu Autonomous County of the Tujia (石柱土家族自治县, Shízhù Tǔjiāzú Zìzhìxiàn), Xiushan Autonomous County of the Tujia and Miao (秀山土家族苗族自治县, Xiùshān Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn), and Youyang Autonomous County of the Tujia and Miao (酉阳土家族苗族自治县, Yǒuyáng Tǔjiāzú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn).