Overview
Bronchitis describes inflammation of the large airways (the bronchi) that connect the trachea to the lungs. The condition appears in two main patterns: acute bronchitis, a short‑term respiratory infection, and chronic bronchitis, a long‑standing disorder characterized by persistent productive cough. The basic lesion is airway inflammation with increased mucus production and variable narrowing of the bronchial tubes.
Signs, symptoms and diagnosis
Typical symptoms include a cough that may produce sputum, wheeze, chest discomfort and shortness of breath. Fever and general malaise are common in acute cases. Diagnosis relies largely on clinical assessment; chest imaging or spirometry may be used to exclude pneumonia or to evaluate chronic airflow obstruction. Where useful, clinicians may refer to specialist testing to distinguish chronic bronchitis from other causes of chronic cough.
Causes and mechanisms
Infections—most often viral—are the predominant trigger of acute bronchitis, while chronic bronchitis is strongly linked to tobacco smoke and long‑term inhalation of irritants. Other contributors include air pollution, occupational exposures and repeated respiratory infections. The process involves irritation of airway lining, mucus gland enlargement and inflammation that narrows airways and impairs clearance.
Treatment and prevention
Management depends on type and severity. Acute cases are usually managed with supportive care: rest, fluids, symptomatic medicines and, where appropriate, bronchodilators. Antibiotics are not routinely recommended unless a bacterial infection is suspected. Chronic bronchitis treatment emphasizes smoking cessation, inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids, vaccinations and pulmonary rehabilitation. Preventive measures include avoiding tobacco smoke and reducing exposure to airborne irritants, hand hygiene and seasonal vaccination.
History, epidemiology and distinctions
The term combines the Greek root for windpipe with the suffix for inflammation. Acute bronchitis is common and often seasonal; chronic bronchitis is a major component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and predominates among long‑time smokers. Distinguishing bronchitis from pneumonia and asthma is important for appropriate care and prognosis.
Further information
For clinical definitions and care pathways consult professional sources or guidelines: clinical overview and resources on environmental causes: airway irritants.