Overview

Barium carbonate is an inorganic compound with the formula BaCO3. It is a dense, white crystalline solid that occurs in nature as the mineral witherite. In industry it is an important raw material for producing other barium compounds and for specialised applications in glassmaking, ceramics and chemical synthesis. For basic chemical data and identifiers see reference sources.

Physical and chemical characteristics

BaCO3 is poorly soluble in water but reacts with strong acids to liberate carbon dioxide and give soluble barium salts. When heated strongly, carbonates typically decompose to the metal oxide with release of CO2; barium carbonate may be converted to barium oxide under appropriate conditions. It is chemically distinct from more soluble barium salts such as barium chloride, which are notably more toxic because of their bioavailability. For more on related ions and reactions consult chemical references.

Uses and examples

Common applications of barium carbonate include:

  • As a precursor in manufacturing other barium compounds used in pigments and electronics.
  • In ceramic and tile production to modify glaze appearance and to act as a flux.
  • In certain glass formulations to improve refractive index and chemical durability.

Laboratory and industrial processes often convert BaCO3 into soluble barium salts for further use; see industrial guidance for examples.

Occurrence, history and notable facts

Natural witherite deposits were once mined for their barium content and used in early chemical industries. Historically barium compounds have had varied uses, but the insolubility of carbonate distinguishes it from other barium reagents. Modern sourcing and processing focus on safety and environmental control. Additional historical and mineralogical context can be found at mineral resources.

Safety and distinctions

While barium carbonate itself is less soluble than many barium salts, it can produce soluble and highly toxic barium ions if it reacts with acids (for example, in the stomach), so it must be handled with care. Personal protective measures, appropriate storage and disposal procedures are important where BaCO3 is used. It should be kept distinct from soluble barium compounds in risk assessments because solubility governs toxicity and environmental mobility.