Flag of Iraq

Design and symbolism

In Arabic the banner is known as علم العراق. Visually it shows three equal horizontal bands: red, white and black. Centered on the white stripe is the takbīr — the phrase "Allahu akbar" (God is greatest) — written in green (green) Kufic calligraphy (Kufic script). The palette draws on the pan‑Arab colours that appear across the region and often symbolise Arab unity, sacrifice, purity and sovereignty. The takbīr adds a religious and cultural dimension to the visual message.

Characteristics

• Three horizontal bands: simple, bold geometry for easy recognition.
• Central inscription: a short Arabic phrase in a stylised Kufic form.
• Colour associations: rooted in pan‑Arab heraldry rather than unique national meanings.
• Variants: derivatives and naval, civil or presidential versions may differ in emblems or proportions.

History and development

Iraq's flag has changed several times since the early 20th century, reflecting shifts from monarchy to republic and through later political transformations. During these changes designers reused pan‑Arab colours and sometimes added stars, emblems or inscriptions according to the ruling government's preferences. The inclusion of the takbīr on the national flag dates from the late 20th century; in the early 2000s the phrase was standardized into a Kufic script form. Subsequent legal and popular debates about the flag led to the adoption of the present, widely used version in the 21st century.

Use, protocol and notable facts

The flag functions as a national symbol on official buildings, military facilities and during diplomatic events. Display rules follow standard flag protocol: respectful handling, correct orientation and use at commemorations. The design is often discussed in political contexts because changes to the flag have been tied to regime shifts and national identity debates. Visually, Iraq's tricolour is similar to several neighbouring countries that also use pan‑Arab colours, but the central inscription distinguishes it from those flags.